<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">I'm not sure this particular example works in English: "Heads off!" is hard to understand, and the usual expression is "Off with your/his/her head!" (made famous by the Queen of Hearts in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland").<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">In fact, it's hard to think of other examples: "Down with the King!", but not "*King down!"; "Away with your nonsense!", but not "*Your nonsense away!".</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Siva<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 29 Sep 2020, at 10:40 pm, Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <<a href="mailto:ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de" class="">ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">What I find interesting is that in such verbless NP-PP (or NP-Adv) constructions, the NP can occur in a (sometimes colloquial) variety with an instrumental/comitative marker, at least in German and English, but obviously also in other languages, e.g.:</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">1.a. (Die) Füsse runter vom Tisch!<br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">1.b. Mit den Füssen runter vom Tisch!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">2.a. Hände hoch!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">2.b. Hoch mit den Händen!<br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">3.a. Kopf ab! / Rübe ab!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">3.b. Ab mit der Rübe!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">4.a. Head(s) off!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">4.b. Off with the head(s)!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Sometimes, there seems to be no "simple" version without the instrumental marker, e.g.:</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">5.a. 'Raus mit euch!</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">("*Ihr 'raus (von hier)" would be possible but sounds odd)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">('raus is the colloquial abbreviation of "heraus" = "out of")<br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Best,</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Ludwig Paul</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Hamburg<br class=""></div></div><hr tabindex="-1" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; width: 629.15625px;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""></span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><b class="">Von:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> im Auftrag von paolo Ramat <<a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it" class="">paolo.ramat@unipv.it</a>><br class=""><b class="">Gesendet:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sonntag, 27. September 2020 10:49:11<br class=""><b class="">An:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alex Francois<br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><b class="">Betreff:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font><div class=""> </div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">1) Ital.<i class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Superman alla riscossa !<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).<div class="">2) Ital.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(imperat.)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Non verbal predication.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>De Gruyter. And look in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best,</div><div class="">Paolo</div><div class=""><br clear="all" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<div class=""><div class=""> Università di Pavia (retired)</div><div class="">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div><div class="">Accademia dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br class=""><div class="">'Academia Europaea'</div><div class="">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div></div></div><div class="">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div><div class="">##39 0382 27027</div><div class="">347 044 98 44</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" class="">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">dear Ian,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><i class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</i></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Interesting question.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative – rather than declarative…</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Thus<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Mwotlap</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br class=""><font size="1" class=""> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(1) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Imam mino [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">mi </font><font color="#990000" class="">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> father my with doctor</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><font color="#990000" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(2) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">na-tan̄ nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">lelo</font><font color="#990000" class=""> siok].</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">Likewise,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Araki<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(3) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">m̈ar̄a <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><font color="#990000" class="">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> spear this for fish</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><b class="">Teanu </b>(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(4) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">pe </font><font color="#990000" class="">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> 3dual from Vanuatu</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “They were from Vanuatu.”</div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike European languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">was</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with them"; happy > "she<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>happy"; rice > "this<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>rice"; home > "we<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">were</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>home". </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">raison d'être</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">être</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">In omnipredicative languages, words like<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">with</i>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">happy, rice</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and <i class="">home</i> would simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u class="">PP</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(5) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">[</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">Nō</font><font color="#990000" class=""> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> from my country this food</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “This food is from my country.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Here again, the preposition (<i class="">nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Some references:</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul class=""><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Launey</b>, Michel. 1994.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Lemaréchal</b>, Alain. 1989.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.<br class=""></font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 1997.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br class=""></font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">François</b>, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><div class="gmail_default">__________</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i class="">Your legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">best</div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div style="font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;" class=""></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;" class=""><font size="2" class="">Alex</font></div><div style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><hr width="70" size="1" noshade="" align="left" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: "Segoe UI", Verdana, "Trebuchet MS", Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 102, 102); font-size: 11px; line-height: 16.5px;" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" class="">Alex François</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;" class="">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br class=""><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Australian National University</a><br class=""><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Personal homepage</a></span></div><hr size="1" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;" class=""> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank" class="">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""></div><div class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""></div></div><div dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-size: inherit;" class="">Dear all,</span><br class=""></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div><div dir="ltr" class="">(2) Your legs off the table!</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">From Hong Kong,</div><div dir="ltr" class="">Ian</div><div class=""></div></div></div></div></div><img alt="" src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""><em class=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" class="">Disclaimer:</font></em></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in;" class=""><i class=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" class=""><span class="">This message (including any attachments) contains confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose. If you are not the intended recipient, you should delete this message and notify the sender and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University) immediately. 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