<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Ah, I think you could say "Up with your hands!". Likewise "Shirt(s) off!" and "Off with your shirt(s)!". (Or shoes, glasses, etc.)<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I think the relevant semantic constraints are as follows:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The [PP <i class="">with your</i> N] construction implies that (in the speaker's view) the hearer's N <i class="">doesn't belong</i> in its current position. E.g., "Up with your hands!" could only be said if the hearer has their hands in an inappropriate place (not if you just arbitrarily want someone to raise their hands).</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The [N PP] construction can only be used in the context of enforcing a rule. Thus, e.g., "Shoes off!" can only be said in a situation where there is a rule against wearing shoes (and not just because the speaker doesn't like the hearer's shoes). (This doesn't quite work with "Hands up!", but then again, this phrase is lexicalised with all sorts of presuppositions about the presence of a gun etc., so we can't conclude much from it.)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Siva</div><div class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 5 Oct 2020, at 10:41 pm, Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <<a href="mailto:ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de" class="">ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Dear Siva,</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">thanks for your comment, I am not a native speaker of English. What about "hands up!"?</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div>Ludwig<br class=""></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p></div><hr tabindex="-1" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; width: 629.15625px;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""></span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><b class="">Von:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Siva Kalyan <<a href="mailto:sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com" class="">sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com</a>><br class=""><b class="">Gesendet:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Montag, 5. Oktober 2020 13:06:47<br class=""><b class="">An:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig<br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>paolo Ramat; Dr Alexandre François; <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><b class="">Betreff:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font><div class=""> </div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">I'm not sure this particular example works in English: "Heads off!" is hard to understand, and the usual expression is "Off with your/his/her head!" (made famous by the Queen of Hearts in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland").<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">In fact, it's hard to think of other examples: "Down with the King!", but not "*King down!"; "Away with your nonsense!", but not "*Your nonsense away!".</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Siva<br class=""><div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 29 Sep 2020, at 10:40 pm, Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <<a href="mailto:ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de" class="">ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" class="" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">What I find interesting is that in such verbless NP-PP (or NP-Adv) constructions, the NP can occur in a (sometimes colloquial) variety with an instrumental/comitative marker, at least in German and English, but obviously also in other languages, e.g.:</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">1.a. (Die) Füsse runter vom Tisch!<br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">1.b. Mit den Füssen runter vom Tisch!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">2.a. Hände hoch!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">2.b. Hoch mit den Händen!<br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">3.a. Kopf ab! / Rübe ab!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">3.b. Ab mit der Rübe!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">4.a. Head(s) off!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">4.b. Off with the head(s)!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Sometimes, there seems to be no "simple" version without the instrumental marker, e.g.:</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">5.a. 'Raus mit euch!</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">("*Ihr 'raus (von hier)" would be possible but sounds odd)</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">('raus is the colloquial abbreviation of "heraus" = "out of")<br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Best,</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Ludwig Paul</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Hamburg<br class=""></div></div><hr tabindex="-1" class="" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; width: 629.15625px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;"></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" class="" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" class="" style="font-size: 11pt;"><b class="">Von:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> im Auftrag von paolo Ramat <<a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it" class="">paolo.ramat@unipv.it</a>><br class=""><b class="">Gesendet:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sonntag, 27. September 2020 10:49:11<br class=""><b class="">An:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alex Francois<br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><b class="">Betreff:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font><div class=""> </div></div><div class="" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div dir="ltr" class="">1) Ital.<i class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Superman alla riscossa !<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).<div class="">2) Ital.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(imperat.)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Non verbal predication.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>De Gruyter. And look in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best,</div><div class="">Paolo</div><div class=""><br clear="all" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<div class=""><div class=""> Università di Pavia (retired)</div><div class="">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div><div class="">Accademia dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br class=""><div class="">'Academia Europaea'</div><div class="">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div></div></div><div class="">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div><div class="">##39 0382 27027</div><div class="">347 044 98 44</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" class="">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">dear Ian,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">> <span class="" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</i></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Interesting question.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative – rather than declarative…</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Thus<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Mwotlap</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br class=""><font size="1" class=""> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(1) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Imam mino [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">mi </font><font color="#990000" class="">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> father my with doctor</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><font color="#990000" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(2) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">na-tan̄ nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">lelo</font><font color="#990000" class=""> siok].</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">Likewise,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Araki<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(3) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">m̈ar̄a <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><font color="#990000" class="">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> spear this for fish</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><b class="">Teanu </b>(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(4) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">pe </font><font color="#990000" class="">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class=""></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> 3dual from Vanuatu</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “They were from Vanuatu.”</div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike European languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">was</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with them"; happy > "she<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>happy"; rice > "this<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>rice"; home > "we<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">were</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>home". </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">raison d'être</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">être</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">In omnipredicative languages, words like<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">with</i>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">happy, rice</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and <i class="">home</i> would simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u class="">PP</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(5) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">[</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">Nō</font><font color="#990000" class=""> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</font></b></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> from my country this food</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> “This food is from my country.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Here again, the preposition (<i class="">nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">Some references:</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul class=""><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Launey</b>, Michel. 1994.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Lemaréchal</b>, Alain. 1989.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.<br class=""></font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 1997.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br class=""></font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">François</b>, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><div class="gmail_default">__________</div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i class="">Your legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">best</div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="" style="font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"></div><div class="" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"><font size="2" class="">Alex</font></div><div class="" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><hr width="70" size="1" noshade="" align="left" class="" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: "Segoe UI", Verdana, "Trebuchet MS", Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 102, 102); font-size: 11px; line-height: 16.5px;"><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Alex François</div><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="" style="text-decoration: none; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="text-decoration: none;">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br class=""><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">Australian National University</a><br class=""><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" class="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;">Personal homepage</a></span></div><hr size="1" class="" style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;"> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank" class="">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""></div><div class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""></div></div><div dir="ltr" class=""><span class="" style="font-size: inherit;">Dear all,</span><br class=""></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div><div dir="ltr" class="">(2) Your legs off the table!</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">From Hong Kong,</div><div dir="ltr" class="">Ian</div><div class=""></div></div></div></div></div><img alt="" class="" src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg"><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><br class=""><em class=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" class="">Disclaimer:</font></em></div><p class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"></p><div class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i class=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="3" class=""><span class="">This message (including any attachments) contains confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose. If you are not the intended recipient, you should delete this message and notify the sender and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University) immediately. 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