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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Ian,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Likewise in Russian: verbless transitive constructions such as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Ya tebya po bashke!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">1SG.NOM 2SG.ACC over head.DAT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">`I’ll hit you over the head!’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">On menya v kanavu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC in ditch.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">`He threw me into the ditch’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It seems these tend to be a bit violent, maybe someone can think of something more peaceful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Östen<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Från:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>För </b>Timur Maisak<br>
<b>Skickat:</b> den 5 oktober 2020 09:01<br>
<b>Till:</b> JOO, Ian [Student] <ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk><br>
<b>Kopia:</b> Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Ämne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Ian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">in Russian, sentences like<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><i>*Ya v dom</i><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt">
1SG to house.ACC<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt">
<span lang="EN-US">`Intended meaning: I’m going to the house.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">are quite normal in the appropriate context. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">E.g. imagine a dialogue between two people who meet in the street:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">- Privet, ty kuda? </span></i><span lang="EN-US">[hi
</span><a href="http://you.sg" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">you.sg</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> where]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">- Ja na rabotu, a ty?</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> [I on work and
</span><a href="http://you.sg" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">you.sg</span></a><span lang="EN-US">]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">- A ja v kino! </span></i><span lang="EN-US">[and I in cinema]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Hi, where are you going?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- I <am going> to my work, and you?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- And I <am going> to the cinema.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Timur Maisak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">пн<span lang="EN-US">, 5 </span>окт<span lang="EN-US">. 2020
</span>г<span lang="EN-US">. </span>в<span lang="EN-US"> 07:55, JOO, Ian [Student] <</span><a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</span></a><span lang="EN-US">>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Thank you for the comments you left regarding my question on verbless construction/non-verbal predicates/ellipsis/any of the many other names it is called.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">The general viewpoint seems to be that it is in fact fairly common around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">It seems to me however that we must distinguish the case of
<b>zero copula </b>from other cases of verbless constructions, as some languages allow the two to different degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">For example in Russian (1) is acceptable but (2) is not (correct me if I’m wrong):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Ya student</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p><span lang="EN-US">1SG student<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">`I am a student.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3">
<i><span lang="EN-US">*Ya v dom</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p><span lang="EN-US">1SG to house.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">`Intended meaning: I’m going to the house.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">So it seems necessary to me that
<b>zero copula </b>should be distinguished from <b>zero verb</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">But as Mark pointed out, a language that allos zero copula is also likely to allow zero verb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Also, as Siva mentioned, it’s interesting and remains the open question why the article must be elided for the sentence to be more natural (<i>Legs off the table</i>
compared to <i>your legs off the table</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:
</span></b><a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">paolo Ramat</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><br>
<b>Sent: </b>Sunday, September 27, 2020 4:49 PM<br>
<b>To: </b></span><a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">Alex Francois</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><br>
<b>Cc: </b></span><a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">JOO, Ian [Student]</span></a><span lang="EN-US">;
</span><a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa !
</i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">2) Ital.
</span><i><span lang="FR">Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</span></i><span lang="FR"> </span>
<span lang="EN-US">(imperat.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,
<i>Non verbal predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Paolo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"><br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> Università di Pavia (retired)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Accademia dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">'Academia Europaea'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">##39 0382 27027<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">347 044 98 44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <</span><a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</span></a><span lang="EN-US">>
ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">dear Ian,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I wonder if there has been any literature on the
construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Interesting question.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative
– rather than declarative…</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal
syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Thus
<b>Mwotlap</b> (Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)
</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(1)
<b>Imam mino [</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">mi </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">tēytēybē].</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New""> father my with doctor</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(2)
<b>na-tan̄ nōnōm [</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">lelo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000"> siok].</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New""> Art-bag your inside canoe</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Likewise,
<b>Araki </b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(3) <b>Sari nene [</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">m̈ar̄a
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">m̈aji]</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New""> spear this for fish</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Teanu </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(4) <b>Datilu [</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">pe </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">Iura]</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New""> 3dual from Vanuatu</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “They were from Vanuatu.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as
<i>BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the
predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike European languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb
BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I <u>was</u> with them"; happy > "she
<u>is</u> happy"; rice > "this <u>is</u> rice"; home > "we <u>were</u> home". </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989,
1997); this is the <i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In omnipredicative languages, words like
<i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i> and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}. Example in Tahitian:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New"">(5)
<b><span style="color:#990000">[</span><span style="color:blue">Nō</span><span style="color:#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Courier New""> from my country this food</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “This food is from my country.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Here again, the preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Some references:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4">
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Launey</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Michel. 1994.
<i>Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4">
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Lemaréchal</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Alain. 1989.
<i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">—— 1997.
<i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4">
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">François</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes.
In Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">179-197.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),
<i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">__________</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>],
and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">best</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Alex</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><img border="0" width="36" height="1" style="width:.375in;height:.0104in" id="m_1830577225761862436m_-4293243544137203361gmail-m_7871502682600309652Horizontal_x0020_Line_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D69C13.B1B63B70"></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="line-height:12.4pt"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666">Alex François</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height:12.4pt"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">LaTTiCe</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"> — </span><a href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">ENS</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666">–</span><a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"><br>
</span><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">Australian National University</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"><br>
</span><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" target="_blank"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">Academia page</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"> – </span><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#3366CC">Personal
homepage</span></a><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <</span><a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</span></a><span lang="EN-US">>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">(1) Superman to the rescue!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">(2) Your legs off the table!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US">Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"><br>
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Any views and opinions expressed are only those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the University and the University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the use of
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<span lang="EN-US">_______________________________________________<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Disclaimer:</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">This message (including any attachments) contains confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose. If you are
not the intended recipient, you should delete this message and notify the sender and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University) immediately. Any disclosure, copying, or distribution of this message, or the taking of any action based on it, is strictly
prohibited and may be unlawful.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The University specifically denies any responsibility for the accuracy or quality of information obtained through University E-mail Facilities.
Any views and opinions expressed are only those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the University and the University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the use of
such information.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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