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Constructions equivalent to Russian ja v dom are super-common in the Australian language Kayardild. (Ch. 4 from my 1995 grammar of Kayardild attached; see exs 4-109, 4-114, 4-135). These examples involve 'verbal case' suffixes, which have grammaticalised from
verbs (e.g. marutha 'to put' becomes the 'verbal dative', glossed VD here), and still exhibit some verb-like features (inflecting for TAM and polarity) but I argue in my grammar that they are nonetheless case markers: they distribute concordially across all
elements of a noun phrase, like regular case markers (which also exist in Kayardild), and, again like regular case markers, can be subcategorised for by main verbs. So I would argue that it is their semantic specificity rather than their verby origins which
lies behind the possibility of ellipsing main verbs here. An additional argument (advanced on pp. 94-5 of the same grammar, also attached) is that ellipsis of the verb is also found with other cases – sentences with one subject NP and one in the 'modal locative',
which marks objects of clauses in the default TAM and is essentially a case-sensitive accusative, can elide the main verb if this is contextually obvious (admittedly a slightly different case to ja v dom, which doesn't need as much context).</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Borise, Lena <borise@fas.harvard.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 7, 2020 3:03 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com <sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com>; Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de><br>
<b>Cc:</b> paolo Ramat <paolo.ramat@unipv.it>; Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font>
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One example of this type that does come to mind is "Bottoms up!".</div>
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All best,</div>
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Lena</div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Siva Kalyan <sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 05 October 2020 13:06<br>
<b>To:</b> Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de><br>
<b>Cc:</b> paolo Ramat <paolo.ramat@unipv.it>; Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font>
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word; line-break:after-white-space">I'm not sure this particular example works in English: "Heads off!" is hard to understand, and the usual expression is "Off with your/his/her head!" (made famous by the Queen of Hearts
in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland").
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<div class="">In fact, it's hard to think of other examples: "Down with the King!", but not "*King down!"; "Away with your nonsense!", but not "*Your nonsense away!".</div>
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<div class="">Siva<br class="">
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 29 Sep 2020, at 10:40 pm, Paul, Prof. Dr. Ludwig <<a href="mailto:ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de" class="">ludwig.paul@uni-hamburg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">What I find interesting is that in such verbless NP-PP (or NP-Adv) constructions, the NP can occur in a (sometimes colloquial) variety with an instrumental/comitative marker, at least in German and English,
but obviously also in other languages, e.g.:</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">1.a. (Die) Füsse runter vom Tisch!<br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">1.b. Mit den Füssen runter vom Tisch!</div>
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">2.a. Hände hoch!</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">2.b. Hoch mit den Händen!<br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">3.a. Kopf ab! / Rübe ab!</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">3.b. Ab mit der Rübe!</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">4.a. Head(s) off!</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">4.b. Off with the head(s)!</div>
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Sometimes, there seems to be no "simple" version without the instrumental marker, e.g.:</div>
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">5.a. 'Raus mit euch!</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">("*Ihr 'raus (von hier)" would be possible but sounds odd)</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">('raus is the colloquial abbreviation of "heraus" = "out of")<br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Best,</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Ludwig Paul</div>
<div class="" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Hamburg<br class="">
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" class="" style="font-size:11pt"><b class="">Von:</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
im Auftrag von paolo Ramat <<a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it" class="">paolo.ramat@unipv.it</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Gesendet:</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sonntag, 27. September 2020 10:49:11<br class="">
<b class="">An:</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alex Francois<br class="">
<b class="">Cc:</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Betreff:</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font>
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<div dir="ltr" class="">1) Ital.<i class=""><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>Superman alla riscossa !<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).
<div class="">2) Ital.<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(imperat.)</div>
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<div class="">Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Non verbal predication.</i><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>De Gruyter. And look
in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div>
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<div class="">Best,</div>
<div class="">Paolo</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat
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<div class=""> Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
<div class="">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div>
<div class="">Accademia dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br class="">
<div class="">'Academia Europaea'</div>
<div class="">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div>
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<div class="">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div>
<div class="">##39 0382 27027</div>
<div class="">347 044 98 44</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_x_gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" class="">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<br class="">
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Ian,</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <span class="" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><i class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</i></span></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting question.</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative – rather than declarative…</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Mwotlap</b><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br class="">
<font size="1" class=""> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(1) <span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Imam mino [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">mi </font><font color="#990000" class="">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> father my with doctor</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#990000" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(2) <span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">na-tan̄ nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">lelo</font><font color="#990000" class="">
siok].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"></div>
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">Likewise,<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Araki<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(3) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">m̈ar̄a <span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></font><font color="#990000" class="">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> spear this for fish</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><b class="">Teanu </b>(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""><font color="#990000" class="">(4) </font><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">pe </font><font color="#990000" class="">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000" class="">.</font><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> 3dual from Vanuatu</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"> “They were from Vanuatu.”</div>
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</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike
European languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">was</u><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>with
them"; happy > "she<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>happy"; rice > "this<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">is</u><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>rice";
home > "we<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><u class="">were</u><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>home". </div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">raison
d'être</i><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">être</i>.</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In omnipredicative languages, words like<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">with</i>,<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">happy, rice</i><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>and <i class="">home</i> would
simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u class="">PP</u><span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(5) <span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class=""><font color="#990000" class="">[</font><font color="#0000ff" class="">Nō</font><font color="#990000" class=""> tō'u fenua] teie
mā'a.</font></b></font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> from my country this food</font></div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “This food is from my country.”</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Here again, the preposition (<i class="">nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some references:</div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">
<ul class="">
<li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Launey</b>, Michel. 1994.<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences du
Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">Lemaréchal</b>, Alain. 1989.<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France.<br class="">
</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 1997.<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br class="">
</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class=""><b class="">François</b>, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr,<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Les
constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li><li class=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1" class="">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Lexical Flexibility
in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of<span class="x_x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li></ul>
</div>
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="x_x_gmail_default">__________</div>
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i class="">Your legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div>
<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.</div>
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<div class="x_x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
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<font size="2" class="">Alex</font></div>
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Alex François</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_x_gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank" class="">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:<br class="">
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<blockquote class="x_x_gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width:1px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204); padding-left:1ex">
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<div dir="ltr" class=""><span class="" style="font-size:inherit">Dear all,</span><br class="">
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<div id="x_x_gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946" class="">
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<div dir="ltr" class="">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div>
<div dir="ltr" class="">(2) Your legs off the table!</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="">From Hong Kong,</div>
<div dir="ltr" class="">Ian</div>
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