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<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US">I have a few examples from German, but they do not concern rare phonemes but phonemes in unusual positions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US">/x/ in core vocabulary words has two allophones: [x] after back vowels, [ç] after front vowels and consonants. Now either is excluded in word initial position, and [x] only occurs in one morpheme morpheme-initially,
the diminutive <i>-chen</i> (always [-çn̩] regardless of the preceding phoneme. There are a few loans like
<i>Chemie</i> 'chemistry' which normatively are considered to start with [ç], but there is great variety how the word actually is pronounced, often with initial [k] or even more often with [ʃ]. (The same goes for
<i>China</i> which clearly marked as non-core, although it is unclear from which language it should be borrowed, certainly not from English.) I have also heard
<i>Chile</i> both with initial [ç] and [tʃ]. A word such as <i>Junta</i> or a place name such as
<i>Juarez</i> can be heard both with initial [x] and [j].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US">German has both [s] and [z] but they contrast only word-internally in core words, [z] being the only option word-initially and [s] word-final. In loans, things are again different. The word
<i>Szene</i> should be pronounced with initial [sts] which I have never heard, only [se:n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background:white">ə</span><span lang="EN-US">]; so it is in contrast with
<i>Sehne</i> ‘sinew’ [ze:n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background:white">ə]. But
<i>Sushi</i> ‘sushi’ is heard both as [ˈsʊ</span><span lang="EN-US">ʃ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background:white">ɪ] and (more common) [ˈzʊ</span><span lang="EN-US">ʃ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background:white">ɪ].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US">According to Eisenberg (<sup>3</sup>2018),
<i>Das Fremdwort im Deutschen</i>, one should define loans in German not etymologically but by synchronic criteria (core vs. periphery), like Luick and Vilém Mathesius did earlier, cf. also my article in
<i>Acta Linguistica Hafniensia</i> 51 (2019); a word like <i>Butter</i> is historically a loan from Greek but has all properties of a core word, while Holunder ‘elder’ and Wacholder ‘juniper’ (which are not loans) does not.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US">Hartmut Haberland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">-----Oprindelig meddelelse-----<br>
Fra: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> På vegne af JOO, Ian [Student]<br>
Sendt: 14. oktober 2020 12:36<br>
Til: lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
Emne: [Lingtyp] Avoidance of rare phonemes in loanwords</p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">I would like to know if there are attested cases like the following:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">A language has phoneme A and phoneme B. A and B are phonologically similar. Although A occurs natively in that language, it occurs only rarely, whereas B occurs commonly. When borrowing words that has A, the language replaces A by B,
because of the rarity of A compared to B.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">I would greatly appreciate your help.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
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