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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Dear all,</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">
<blockquote type="cite">It would be interesting to know whether
the relationship between 'back' and 'north' is mainly restricted
to languages spoken in the far north of the globe.</blockquote>
Various orientation systems have been described by the Nijmegen
project group and Ozanne-Rivierre and where orientation is with
respect to landmarks like mountains and rivers or to winds,
cardinal directions are seen from the respective viewpoint. In
Hupa, North and downstream are the same direction.<br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">West Greenlanders face the sea for
their orientation system with the mountains in their back, so
North and right are the same direction (cf. demonstrative system).
<br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">As for Mainland NE Asia directions may
be oriented at and/or calqued from China as the dominant power of
the region.</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">The Nivkh (Lower Amur and Sakhalin
island) have <i>ari </i>'north wind' and j-ari-d ~ <font
size="+1"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">jəri-d’</span></font><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--> 'follow s.o./s.th.' besides 'side wind' and 'onshore
(south) wind' (otherwise the orientation system is based on the
Amur river and the mountains or the sea).<br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Best,</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Johanna</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 26.12.2020 um 08:32 schrieb Jonathon
Lum:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAK8FoNYA=BKDrzWyQFd39XRjYYdcQJnm8vNDvmwuh3ac57snJg@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">Dear Ian (and all),
<div><br>
</div>
<div>A highly relevant paper on this topic (though not
specifically on Northeast Asia) is:</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><b>Brown, Cecil H. (1983). 'Where do cardinal direction
terms come from?'. <i>Anthropological Linguistics. </i>Vol.
25 (2). Pp. 121-161.</b></div>
<div><b><br>
</b></div>
<div>It appears that where cardinal direction terms are related
to terms for 'front', 'behind', 'left' or 'right' at all, the
most common situation involves an eastward orientation, i.e.
'east' corresponds with 'front', or 'west' with 'behind', or
'north' with 'left', or 'south' with 'right', or more than one
of these correspondences. This is the kind of system described
by various others in the thread, and appears to relate to the
salience and cultural significance of the rising sun. However,
other canonical postures are possible, including the one you
describe for Mainland Northeast Asia, but also others (e.g.
Hawaiian apparently has a right/north and left/south
association). It would be interesting to know whether the
relationship between 'back' and 'north' is mainly restricted
to languages spoken in the far north of the globe.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Jonathon</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, 26 Dec 2020 at 11:55,
Siva Kalyan <<a
href="mailto:sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">sivakalyan.princeton@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sanskrit likewise has
<i>dakṣiṇa</i><span style="font-style:normal"> (> "Deccan
[plateau]"), which means both "right" and "south". And I
just learned that </span><i>teṉ</i><span
style="font-style:normal"> in Tamil has the same polysemy.
The terms for "north" do not mean "left" in either of
these languages, though.</span>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Siva<br>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 25 Dec 2020, at 9:18 pm, David Gil <<a
href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br>
<div>
<p>Dear Ian (and all),</p>
<p>In the Middle East, forward/backwards maps on to
the cardinal points at a 90º rotation to what you
describe for NE Asia. In (poetic) Hebrew, E is
'forward', while in Arabic, N is 'left', while
'Yemen' is, etymologically, 'right' — in all three
cases, you're facing east.</p>
<p>One might speculate that both systems are
sun-oriented, the Middle-Eastern system towards
the highly-valued rising sun, and the NE Asian
system towards the location of the sun at midday.</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>On 25/12/2020 08:29, JOO, Ian [Student] wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div name="messageBodySection">
<div dir="auto">Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
I am currently working on a doctoral project
focusing on the areality of Mainland Northeast
Asia (Korea, Mongolia, Northeast China, but <strong>not</strong> Japan,
Russian Far East, or Sout<span>hern/Western
China).</span><br>
One of the interesting possible areal features
of MNEA languages (Tuvan, Manchu, Korean,
Mandarin, and Mongolian) that I’ve found is
that these five languages, except Mandarin,
can express “North” with the word meaning
“rear; back; behind”. Please see the map:<br>
<img moz-do-not-send="true" height="auto"><br>
<br>
(Note that, in Mandarin, <em>bei</em> 北
`North’ and <em>bei </em>背 `back; backside’
differ only in tone, and are etymologically
related)<br>
I’m curious if this polysemy exists in other
areas as well, and if so, what would be the
motivation? (Historical? Cultural? Religious?
Cognitive? Climatic?)</div>
</div>
<div name="messageSignatureSection"><br>
Regards,
<div dir="auto">Ian</div>
</div>
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<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-556825895
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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