<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Sergey,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <i><font color="#45818e"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Are you aware of cross-language or </span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">einzelsprachlich</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> studies of the semantics/pragmatics of particles like “</span><b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">at last</b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">” “</span><b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">only now</b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">”, and similar. I.e., ‘particles’ that combine phasal and focus semantics.</span></font></i></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">I will reply specifically on “</font><i style=""><font face="georgia, serif">only now</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In many Oceanic languages of Vanuatu, the construction equivalent to “<b>only now</b>” is a special case of a construction that can be glossed “only then”. Its semantic function is to create a contrastive focus on the time anchoring of an event (<i>only then ~ only now</i>), whether it is anchored in the past, the present or the future. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In several languages I've studied, this construction actually belongs to the TAM system; I labelled that category <b>Time Focus</b> [TmFoc]. It is not a tense (since Vanuatu languages are mostly tense-less) but an aspect combined with pragmatic implications.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Thus </font><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Mwotlap </b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">has a TAM particle </font><font color="#990000" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b><i>qoyo</i> </b></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">[k͡pʷɔjɔ] – variant </font><i><font face="verdana, sans-serif">tiqyo </font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">[tik͡pʷjɔ] – glossed Time Focus (</font>TmFoc<font face="tahoma, sans-serif">). </font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Its default anchoring is in the Future, which is then equivalent to a </font><i><font face="verdana, sans-serif">dilatory future</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> “will (do) eventually, but not yet”:</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(1) <font size="4">Kamyō <b>qoyo</b> wēl nēk talōw.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du TmFoc pay you tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “We will pay you tomorrow [but not before].” </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This contrasts with the plain future with <b>te-,</b> which doesn't have contrastive semantics on time:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2) <font size="4">Kamyō <b>tē-</b> wēl nēk talōw.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du FUT pay you tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “We'll pay you tomorrow.”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The difference between those two futures is subtle, and essentially pragmatic:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The pragmatic orientation of (1) is “we'll pay you as late as tomorrow” => “Sorry, we can't pay you now”; <br>whereas (2) could be paraphrased
“we'll pay you as early as tomorrow” =>
“Good news, you'll be paid soon.” </div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">The sort of contrast here reminds me of what Oswald Ducrot (1980) called “les orientations argumentatives”, where the same objective event can be assigned different pragmatic / "argumentative" orientations, e.g. with quantifiers (compare </font><font face="georgia, serif"><i>I've seen several of her films</i> vs. <i>I've seen only some of her films</i></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">)</font></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><ul><ul><li><font face="georgia, serif">Anscombre, Jean-Claude & Oswald Ducrot. 1983. <i>L’argumentation dans la langue</i> (Philosophie et Langage). Bruxelles: Mardaga.</font></li><li><font face="georgia, serif">Ducrot, Oswald. 1980. <i>Les échelles argumentatives</i> (Propositions). Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.</font></li></ul></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">If the TimeFocus particle <i>qoyo</i> combines with a time adverbial with realis reference (present/past) then its contrastive semantics will be rendered as “<b>only now</b>” (present) or “<b>only then</b>”. This quite often translates as “for the first time” ('inaugurative use'):<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(3) <font size="4">Nok <b>qoyo</b> gen na-bago <b>ēgēn</b>.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc eat ART-shark now</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> [lit. I am eating shark NOW (and not before)] <br> =
“This is the first time (ever) I'm tasting shark meat.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(4) <font size="4">Nok <b>qoyo</b> et inti <b>lō-qōn̄ anen</b>.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc see child:2sg LOC-day DIST</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> [lit. I saw your child THAT DAY (and not before)] <br> =
“I met your son that day for the first time.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Finally, the combination of TmFoc + a restrictive particle (Eng. <i>just, only</i>) yields the immediate past:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5) <font size="4">Kē <b>qoyo</b> vap <b>ēwē</b> me hiy no.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 3sg TmFoc say RESTR hither Dat 1sg</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> [lit. he said it only (TmFoc) to me] <br> =
“He <i>just</i> said it to me.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Note that the verbs in these sentences have no other TAM marker (Complete, Perfect etc.): that's because the Time Focus is itself a TAM category [combining aspect+ pragmatics] and is mutually exclusive with other TAM markers.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In my view, the </span><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">same cluster of meanings {dilatory future + only now + inaugurative
+ immediate past
} can be captured by analysing <i>qoyo</i> as a focus on temporal anchoring, glossable </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:center"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">“</font><font face="georgia, serif" color="#0000ff">[happening] <b>at time T and only at time T</b> (<i>i.e</i>. not earlier)</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I described these Mwotlap constructions in the chapter on Time Focus ("Focus Temporel"), pp.199-216 of my description of Mwotlap's TAM system:</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2003. <i>La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap (Vanuatu)</i> Collection Linguistique de La Société de Linguistique de Paris, 84. Paris, Louvain: Peeters. [<a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#03" target="_blank">online</a>]</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">________</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Interestingly, the very same semantic cluster is also colexified in many other <b>Oceanic languages of Vanuatu</b>, with a single particle or TAM marker in each language: </font><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Araki </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">pa</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">, Dorig </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">k͡pʷra</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">, Lakon </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">lak</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">,</span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Vera'a </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">mak</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">, Vurës </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">kara</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">, Lo-Toga </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Lo-Toga/a.htm#%E2%93%94ake">akə</a></i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">, </span>Hiw<span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </span><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">takə</i><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">…, etc. </span></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">As happens often in this region, the forms of words can differ strikingly across languages, yet their grammatical structures and constructions will be perfectly parallel. In fact, "Time Focus" was precisely one of the examples I chose to illustrate precisely that point (diversity of forms, isomorphism of structures), in a comparative study of languages of the area:</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2011. Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence. <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics </i>1(2). 175–246. DOI: 10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra. [<a href="https://www.academia.edu/3256435/" target="_blank">link</a>] </font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
(see pp.221-223 for the short section on Time Focus) </div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Thus, the Mwotlap sentences above would have their exact equivalent with </font><b style=""><font color="#990000" style="" face="verdana, sans-serif"><i style="">take</i> </font></b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">['takə] in </font><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Hiw</b><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> (Torres Is.):</font><br><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(1') <font size="4">Kamar̄e <b>take</b> tin ike mer̄ën.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du TmFoc pay 2sg tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “We will pay you tomorrow [but not before].” <br> </div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2') <font size="4">Kamar̄e <i>peon</i> tin ike mer̄ën.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du FUT pay 2sg tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “We will pay you (as early as) tomorrow.” <br> </div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:monospace">(3') </span><font size="4" style="font-family:monospace">Noke <b>take</b> gon ne pegëwe <b>qetukn̄waëne pene</b>.</font><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc eat ART shark now PROX</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “This is the first time (ever) I'm tasting shark meat.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(4') <font size="4">Noke</font></font> <font face="monospace"><font size="4"><b>take </b>yō keko nome <b>taketimer̄ën penëne</b>.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc see child Pos:2sg moment DIST</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “I met your son that day for the first time.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:monospace"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:monospace">(5') </span><font size="4" style="font-family:monospace">Nine <b>take</b> gatēt <b>n̄wutuye</b> ti noke.</font><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 3sg TmFoc say RESTR Dat 1sg</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “He just said it to me.” </div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">________</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Finally, when a grammatical category is found across Vanuatu languages, there are good chances that it will also be found in <b>Bislama</b>, the </font><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">English-based creole of Vanuatu (cf. Camden 1980). </span></div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><ul><li><font face="georgia, serif">Camden, William. 1980. Parallels in structure and lexicon and syntax between New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo language spoken at Tangoa.
<i>Occasional Papers </i>57, Pacific Linguistics. Series A. [<a href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297864479/citation/9F9EE5E47014453APQ/1">link</a>].</font></li></ul></ul></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">And indeed, Bislama has calqued the TAM/Pragmatic mechanism of the "Time Focus" through relexification based on English </span><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i style=""><b style=""><font color="#990000" style="">jes</font></b></i><b style=""><font color="#990000" style=""> </font></b></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">[ʧɛs] < Eng. </font><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">just</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">. </font></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus the Bislama equivalent of the five sentences above would involve <i>jes</i>:</span></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(1") <font size="4">Mitufela bae i <b>jes</b> pem yu tumoro.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du FUT Pred TmFoc pay 2sg tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “We will pay you tomorrow [but not before].” <br> </div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2") <font size="4">Mitufela bae i pem yu tumoro.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1ex:du FUT Pred pay 2sg tomorrow</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “We will pay you (as early as) tomorrow.” <br> </div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:monospace">(3") <font size="4">Mi <b>jes </b>kakae shak <b>naoia nao</b></font></span><font size="4" style="font-family:monospace">.</font><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc eat shark now FOC</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “This is the first time (ever) I'm tasting shark meat.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(4") <font size="4">Mi </font></font><font face="monospace"><font size="4"><b>jes </b>luk pikinini blo yu <b>lo taem ia nao</b>.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg TmFoc see child Poss 2sg PREP moment DX FOC</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “I met your son that day for the first time.” </div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:monospace"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:monospace">(5") </span><font size="4" style="font-family:monospace">Hemi <b>jes</b> talem <b>naoia</b> <b>nomo</b>.</font><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 3sg TmFoc say now RESTR</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “He just said it.” </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">In his dictionary of Bislama, Terry Crowley (1995) described </font><font face="georgia, serif"><i style="">jes</i> </font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">as having 4 meanings</font><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1"> : </font> </span></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">1. recent past, only, just // 2. inceptive // 3. subsequent event in a time // 4. later future</font></blockquote></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default"><ul><ul><li><span style="font-family:georgia,serif">Crowley, Terry. 1995. </span><i style="font-family:georgia,serif">A New Bislama Dictionary</i><span style="font-family:georgia,serif">. Port-Vila: University of the South Pacific.</span></li></ul></ul></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">While these four meanings of Bislama </font><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">jes</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> don't intuitively cluster together, I believe</font><font size="1" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">that they are also best explained as a mechanism of </font><font face="georgia, serif" style=""><i>Time Focus </i></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">(i.e. “</font><font face="georgia, serif">happening at time T and not earlier</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”) — a combination of verbal aspect and focus pragmatics.</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex<br></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-style:none;border-width:0px;color:rgb(32,33,36);font:400 13.33px/19.99px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;outline:transparent none 0px;overflow:visible;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;width:445.96px;word-spacing:0px"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-style:none;border-width:0px;font:400 13.33px/19.99px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;outline:transparent none 0px;overflow:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-style:none;border-width:0px;font:400 13.33px/19.99px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;outline:transparent none 0px;overflow:visible;width:445.96px"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-style:none;border-width:0px;font:400 13.33px/19.99px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;outline:transparent none 0px;overflow:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-style:none;border-width:0px;font:400 13.33px/19.99px Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;outline:transparent none 0px;overflow:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><div><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University<br></a><span style="text-decoration:none"></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/François_Alexandre" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Academia Europaea</a> – </span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Academia.edu</a><br> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></font></span></p><p></p><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 23 Feb 2021 at 19:20, Sergey Loesov <<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" target="_blank">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear colleagues,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Are you aware of cross-language or </span><i style="font-size:11pt">einzelsprachlich</i><span style="font-size:11pt"> studies of the semantics/pragmatics of particles
like “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">at last</b><span style="font-size:11pt">” “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">only now</b><span style="font-size:11pt">”, and similar. I.e., ‘particles’ that combine phasal and
focus semantics.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Best wishes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Sergey</span></p></div>
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