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<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>Sergey's query, and especially Alex's recent response on Vanuatu
languages, have given me new insights into the Indonesian word <i>dulu</i>,
which I now realize also belongs to the same general category of
"phrasal/focal particles". While the "literal meaning of <i>dulu</i>
is something like "first", it is used in a wider range of
contexts than, say, English <i>first. </i> The first example
shows <i>dulu</i> in a narrative past context:</p>
<p>(1) Dia makan dulu baru pulang<br>
3 eat DULU new go.home<br>
'He/she/they ate and then went home'</p>
<p>The next example shows <i>dulu</i> in its very common use as a
polite imperative or hortative:<br>
</p>
<p>(2) Makan dulu <br>
eat DULU <br>
'Please eat' / 'Let's eat'</p>
<p>In both cases, <i>dulu</i> combines a temporal/aspectual with a
focus meaning. However, whereas Alex's Vanuatu examples involved
restrictive focus (X but not Y), Indonesian <i>dulu</i> involves
additive focus (X and also/then Y). Thus, in both examples, <i>dulu</i>
bears the implication that after eating, some other, unspecified
activity will occur. While in (1) the further activity is overtly
expressed, in (2) it is merely implied, which has the effect of
softening the imperative/hortative meaning and thereby rendering
it more polite.</p>
<p>David <br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 23/02/2021 20:20, Sergey Loesov
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAPsdrafAMOmWd4Dq-yhLpUO6K3o+0PxQhq8GXAyneiTybtT=SA@mail.gmail.com">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
colleagues,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span
style="font-size:11pt">Are you aware of cross-language or </span><i
style="font-size:11pt">einzelsprachlich</i><span
style="font-size:11pt"> studies of the semantics/pragmatics
of particles
like “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">at last</b><span
style="font-size:11pt">” “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">only
now</b><span style="font-size:11pt">”, and similar. I.e.,
‘particles’ that combine phasal and
focus semantics.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span
style="font-size:11pt">Best wishes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span
style="font-size:11pt">Sergey</span></p>
</div>
<br>
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</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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