<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear David,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting example. I agree with you that this <i>dulu</i> construction also involves a combination of phasal aspect and pragmatics; and I agree that its mechanism is different from the TimeFocus of Vanuatu languages.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In fact, among the 25 TAM categories of its system, <span style="color:rgb(76,17,48)"><b>Mwotlap </b></span>has not only the TimeFocus <i>qoyo</i>, but another TAM construction that I think is even closer to Indonesian <i>dulu</i> : this is a (compound) morpheme <i>bah en</i>, which I've glossed the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,255)"><b>Prioritive</b></span>. <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Its usual gloss would be Eng. <i>first</i>, but as you said, its pragmatic range goes beyond that translation.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">One typical use is in a diptych presenting two sequential actions: <br>{ <span style="color:rgb(116,27,71)"><b><span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><u>First</u> P, then Q</span></b></span> } — whether in the realis or the irrealis:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(1) <font size="4">Gēn in <b><i>bah</i></b> na-ga <b><i>en</i></b>, tō gengen.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1in:pl drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2, then eat</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> (Past interpretation) “We <u>first</u> drank kava, then we had dinner.” <br> ~ (Future interpⁿ) “<u>First</u> we'll drink kava, then we'll have dinner.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Under a future interpretation, the apodosis (2nd clause) would often have a TimeFocus <i>qoyo</i>, meaning “then and not earlier” [cf. my earlier post]:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2) <font size="4">Gēn in <b><i>bah</i></b> na-ga <b><i>en</i></b>, tō <b><i>qoyo</i></b> gengen.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1inc:pl drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2, then TmFoc eat</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> (Future interpⁿ) “<u>First</u> we'll drink kava, and <i><u>only then</u></i> shall we have dinner.”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div><br></div><div>A sentence like (2) thus combines two morphemes entailing a pragmatic focus, with complementary semantics: </div><ul><li>
<span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Prioritive</span>: { event1 is a priority, before anything else }</li><li><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">TimeFocus</span>: { event2 happens at time T, and not earlier }</li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:left;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those diptychs, with a protasis in the Prioritive and an apodosis in the TimeFocus, are common in conversation. <font size="1">(cf. François 2003: 284)</font></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:right;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px">Etymologically, <i>bah</i> is a verb “finish”, and <i>en</i> a Topicalizer, which makes sense for (1-2) [<span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><i>we <b>finish </b>drinking <b>TOP</b>, then eat</i></span>]; but this combination has grammaticalized into a construction (à la Construction grammar) that is not always compositional, as you'll see.<br></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">______<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In a way similar to Indon. <i>dulu</i>, the Prioritive <i>bah... en</i> is also commonly heard on its own, i.e. on a protasis without apodosis:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(3) <font size="4">Gēn in <b><i>bah</i></b> na-ga <b style="font-style:italic">en </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1inc:pl drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “<u>First</u> (before anything else) let's have kava !”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In such cases, there is no Sequential reading, but a hortative interpretation. <br></span></div><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This <b>Prioritive hortative</b> entails a phasal focus on “</span><i><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">now (and not later)</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”; it contrasts with the ordinary hortative, which lacks such entailment:</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(3') <font size="4">Gēn in na-ga<b style="font-style:italic"> </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1inc:pl drink Art-kava </font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “Let's have kava !”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">When used with a 2nd person, the Prioritive sometimes has an interpretation of a <b>polite imperative</b>:<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(4) <font size="4">Nēk mōkheg <b><i>bah</i></b> <b style="font-style:italic">en </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 2sg rest Prio1 Prio2</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “Why don't you (first) rest?”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">With a 1st person, it also serves as a polite way to downplay the negative impact of one's actions. (Forgot how to call this in English: attenuative?):</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5) <font size="4">Nok van <b><i>bah</i></b> li-sto <b style="font-style:italic">en </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg go Prio1 Loc-store Prio2</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “Let me (first) go to the store.” <br> [= sorry to leave you, I'll be right back.] — suggesting our convo is bound to continue soon. <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px">(In actual fact, those Prioritive utterances are often a polite way to take leave.)<br></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">I described the various uses of the Prioritive (“le Prioritif”) in François (2003: 278-301).</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><ul><li>
<font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2003. <i>La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap (Vanuatu)</i> Collection Linguistique de La Société de Linguistique de Paris, 84. Paris, Louvain: Peeters.<font size="1"> [ <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Mwotlap-Predicat_2003_SLP.pdf#page=298" target="_blank">direct link to section</a> ]</font></font>
</li></ul></ul></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default">______</div><div class="gmail_default">Once again, the Creole <span style="color:rgb(204,0,0)"><b>Bislama </b></span>has calqued the category of the Prioritive through relexification. <br></div><div class="gmail_default">The Bislama Prioritive is an adverb <span style="color:rgb(153,0,255)"><b><span style="font-family:georgia,serif"><i>fastaem</i> </span> </b></span>(< Eng. <i>first time</i>), which is very common in conversation.</div><div class="gmail_default">The structural isomorphism with Mwotlap is again striking:<br></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(1') <font size="4">Yumi trink kava <i><b>fastaem</b></i>, ale kakae.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1in:pl drink kava PRIOR then eat</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> (Past interpretation) “We <u>first</u> drank kava, then we had dinner.” <br> ~ (Future interpⁿ) “<u>First</u> we'll drink kava, then we'll have dinner.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2') <font size="4">Yumi trink kava <i><b>fastaem</b></i>, ale <b>jes </b>kakae <b>nao</b>.</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1inc:pl drink kava PRIOR then TmFoc eat FOC<br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"> (Future interpⁿ) “<u>First</u> we'll drink kava, and <i><u>only then</u></i> shall we have dinner.”</div></div>
</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(3")
<font size="4">Yumi trink kava <i><b>fastaem</b></i></font>
<font size="4"><b style="font-style:italic"> </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
1inc:pl drink kava PRIOR
</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “<u>First</u> (before anything else) let's have kava !”</div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(4') <font size="4">Yu spel <i><b>fastaem</b></i><b style="font-style:italic"> </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 2sg rest PRIOR
</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “Why don't you (first) rest?”</div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5') <font size="4">Mi go lo sto <b><i>fastaem</i></b><b style="font-style:italic"> </b>!</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg go PREP store PRIOR</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “[excuse me for a sec…] Let me (first) go to the store.” <br></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">From what David described, it seems that Indonesian <i>dulu </i>would be used in similar contexts. I think his description would fit well the Prioritive in its politeness functions: <br></div><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px"><i><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">While in (1) the further activity is overtly
expressed, in (2) it is merely implied, which has the effect of
softening the imperative/hortative meaning and thereby rendering
it more polite.
</span></i></div></blockquote>
</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">If so, this semantic category of Prioritive, and these phraseological strategies, might well be typically Austronesian (??). It would have survived structurally in the systems in spite of many layers of language change, incorporating phonological material both through language-internal relexification [Mwotlap] and through language contact [Bislama]. <br></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">I am often impressed by the resilience of semantic categories in spite of the renewal of their phonological content. I wonder if that is universal, or specific to Pacific languages, and linked to their particular linguistic ecology…<br></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">best<br></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex<br></div><div><div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;color:rgb(32,33,36);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;width:445.96px;word-spacing:0px"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;width:445.96px"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><div><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University<br></a><span style="text-decoration:none"></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/François_Alexandre" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Academia Europaea</a> – </span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Academia.edu</a><br> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></font></span></p><p></p><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 24 Feb 2021 at 12:03, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>Sergey's query, and especially Alex's recent response on Vanuatu
languages, have given me new insights into the Indonesian word <i>dulu</i>,
which I now realize also belongs to the same general category of
"phrasal/focal particles". While the "literal meaning of <i>dulu</i>
is something like "first", it is used in a wider range of
contexts than, say, English <i>first. </i> The first example
shows <i>dulu</i> in a narrative past context:</p>
<p>(1) Dia makan dulu baru pulang<br>
3 eat DULU new go.home<br>
'He/she/they ate and then went home'</p>
<p>The next example shows <i>dulu</i> in its very common use as a
polite imperative or hortative:<br>
</p>
<p>(2) Makan dulu <br>
eat DULU <br>
'Please eat' / 'Let's eat'</p>
<p>In both cases, <i>dulu</i> combines a temporal/aspectual with a
focus meaning. However, whereas Alex's Vanuatu examples involved
restrictive focus (X but not Y), Indonesian <i>dulu</i> involves
additive focus (X and also/then Y). Thus, in both examples, <i>dulu</i>
bears the implication that after eating, some other, unspecified
activity will occur. While in (1) the further activity is overtly
expressed, in (2) it is merely implied, which has the effect of
softening the imperative/hortative meaning and thereby rendering
it more polite.</p>
<p>David <br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 23/02/2021 20:20, Sergey Loesov
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
colleagues,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Are you aware of cross-language or </span><i style="font-size:11pt">einzelsprachlich</i><span style="font-size:11pt"> studies of the semantics/pragmatics
of particles
like “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">at last</b><span style="font-size:11pt">” “</span><b style="font-size:11pt">only
now</b><span style="font-size:11pt">”, and similar. I.e.,
‘particles’ that combine phasal and
focus semantics.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Best wishes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt">Sergey</span></p>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
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<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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