<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi David and everyone,<div class="">In Tagalog you would most likely use <i class="">muna</i> ‘first’ plus either <i class="">bago</i> ‘new’ or <i class="">tsaka </i><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">‘and'</span>:</div><div class=""> (T= topic referent, NT = non-topic referent, IR = irrealis, R = realis, IMP = imperfective, AT = actor topic, PT = patient topic, CS = change of state marker, incl = inclusive, ex = exclusive)</div><div class="">
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Tapus-in
muna natin ito bago mag-shopping.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">finish-PT first
1plinclNT thisT new IRAT-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">‘We’ll finish this first then go shopping’</span> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">ka-kain muna
ako bago mag-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">IMP-eat
first 1sgT new IRAT-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">‘I’ll eat first then go shopping.' </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">k<um>ain muna
ako tsaka nag-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><RAT>eat
first 1sg and RAT-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">‘I ate first then went shopping.'</span></p><div class="">
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<style>
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">kumain na
kami bago nag-shopping<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><RAT> CS 1plexT new RAT-shopping</span></p><div class="">‘We ate first then went shopping.’</div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">In Mandarin Chinese there is a morpheme <i class="">cái </i>(才) used to mean ‘only then’, and also a morpheme <i class="">zài </i>(再) which most often is used to mean ‘again', but in certain constructions can mean ‘only after X will we Y’. There is a third morpheme <i class="">jiù </i>(就) used to mean ’then’ which contrasts with <i class="">cái </i>(Biq Yung-O, <i class="">The semantics and pragmatics of cai and jiu in Mandarin Chinese, </i>Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1987).</div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family:Song;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">我吃了才去工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">wǒ chī le
cái qù gōngzuò<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">1sg eat PFV
only.then go work<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">'I’ll eat first and then go to work.'</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family:Song;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US" class="">我先吃，再去工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">wǒ xiān
chī zài qù gōngzuò<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">1sg first
eat again go work<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">‘I’ll eat first, then go to work.'</span></p><div class=""><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">wǒ chī le jiù qù gōngzuò<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">1sg eat PFV then go work</span></p><div class="">'I’ll eat and then go work.’</div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Hope this helps.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Randy</div></div><div class=""><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">-----</span></span><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class=""><b class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" class=""><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">）</span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">| </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Singapore 639818</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.info/" class="">http://randylapolla.info/</a></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class="">(<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" class="">personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a>)</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Most recent books:</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><i class="">The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd Edition (</i>2017)</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" class="">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><i class="">Sino-Tibetan Linguistics </i>(2018)</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span class="" style="background-color: white;"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" class="" style="color: rgb(149, 79, 114);">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a></font></span></div></div></div></span></span></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 25 Feb 2021, at 5:39 AM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
<div class=""><p class="">Dear Alex (and all),</p><p class="">Just to confirm that all of Alex's examples of the prioritive in
Mwotlap and Bislama work also with Indonesian <i class="">dulu</i>
(including even its first-person usage in polite leave-taking). I
share Alex's awe at the resilience of the pattern, as manifest not
only in its horizontal diffusion from the Austronesian languages
of Vanuatu to Bislama, but also in its apparent genealogical
conservativity as suggested by its presence in relatively
distantly related Austronesian languages such as Mwotlap and
Indonesian.</p><p class="">An interesting question for Austronesianists would be exactly how
wide the distribution of the priorative is. My impression is that
in Tagalog, the various subfunctions of the prioritive listed
below are divvied up among two or more different forms. <br class="">
</p><p class="">David</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 24/02/2021 20:23, Alex Francois
wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAGcZC0pzQkrAZG-r1sosRQrGc0XLeeN67EZwENFj4orYp=n=Kg@mail.gmail.com" class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear
David,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting
example. I agree with you that this <i class="">dulu</i> construction
also involves a combination of phasal aspect and pragmatics;
and I agree that its mechanism is different from the TimeFocus
of Vanuatu languages.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In
fact, among the 25 TAM categories of its system, <span style="color:rgb(76,17,48)" class=""><b class="">Mwotlap </b></span>has not
only the TimeFocus <i class="">qoyo</i>, but another TAM construction
that I think is even closer to Indonesian <i class="">dulu</i> : this
is a (compound) morpheme <i class="">bah en</i>, which I've glossed
the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,255)" class=""><b class="">Prioritive</b></span>.
<br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Its
usual gloss would be Eng. <i class="">first</i>, but as you said, its
pragmatic range goes beyond that translation.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">One
typical use is in a diptych presenting two sequential
actions: <br class="">
{ <span style="color:rgb(116,27,71)" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-family:georgia,serif" class=""><u class="">First</u> P, then Q</span></b></span>
} — whether in the realis or the irrealis:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(1) <font size="4" class="">Gēn in <b class=""><i class="">bah</i></b> na-ga <b class=""><i class="">en</i></b>,
tō gengen.</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class=""> 1in:pl
drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2, then eat</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
(Past interpretation) “We <u class="">first</u> drank kava, then we
had dinner.” <br class="">
~ (Future interpⁿ) “<u class="">First</u> we'll drink kava, then
we'll have dinner.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Under
a future interpretation, the apodosis (2nd clause) would often
have a TimeFocus <i class="">qoyo</i>, meaning “then and not earlier”
[cf. my earlier post]:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(2) <font size="4" class="">Gēn in <b class=""><i class="">bah</i></b> na-ga <b class=""><i class="">en</i></b>,
tō <b class=""><i class="">qoyo</i></b> gengen.</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1inc:pl drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2, then TmFoc
eat</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> (Future interpⁿ) “<u class="">First</u>
we'll drink kava, and <i class=""><u class="">only then</u></i> shall we have
dinner.”</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">A sentence like (2) thus combines two morphemes
entailing a pragmatic focus, with complementary
semantics: </div>
<ul class="">
<li class="">
<span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class="">Prioritive</span>:
{ event1 is a priority, before anything else }</li>
<li class=""><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class="">TimeFocus</span>:
{ event2 happens at time T, and not earlier }</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:left;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those
diptychs, with a protasis in the Prioritive and an apodosis
in the TimeFocus, are common in conversation. <font size="1" class="">(cf. François 2003: 284)</font></div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:right;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px">Etymologically,
<i class="">bah</i> is a verb “finish”, and <i class="">en</i> a
Topicalizer, which makes sense for (1-2) [<span style="font-family:georgia,serif" class=""><i class="">we <b class="">finish </b>drinking
<b class="">TOP</b>, then eat</i></span>]; but this
combination has grammaticalized into a construction (à
la Construction grammar) that is not always
compositional, as you'll see.<br class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">______<br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In
a way similar to Indon. <i class="">dulu</i>, the Prioritive <i class="">bah...
en</i> is also commonly heard on its own, i.e. on a
protasis without apodosis:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(3) <font size="4" class="">Gēn in <b class=""><i class="">bah</i></b> na-ga <b style="font-style:italic" class="">en </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1inc:pl drink Prio1 Art-kava Prio2</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “<u class="">First</u> (before
anything else) let's have kava !”</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" class="">In such cases, there
is no Sequential reading, but a hortative interpretation. <br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" class="">This <b class="">Prioritive
hortative</b> entails a phasal focus on “</span><i class=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" class="">now (and not later)</font></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif" class="">”; it contrasts with the ordinary
hortative, which lacks such entailment:</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(3') <font size="4" class="">Gēn in na-ga<b style="font-style:italic" class=""> </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1inc:pl drink Art-kava </font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “Let's have kava !”</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">When
used with a 2nd person, the Prioritive sometimes has an
interpretation of a <b class="">polite imperative</b>:<br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(4) <font size="4" class="">Nēk mōkheg <b class=""><i class="">bah</i></b> <b style="font-style:italic" class="">en </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
2sg rest Prio1 Prio2</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “Why don't you (first)
rest?”</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">With a 1st person, it also serves
as a polite way to downplay the negative impact of one's
actions. (Forgot how to call this in English:
attenuative?):</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(5) <font size="4" class="">Nok van <b class=""><i class="">bah</i></b> li-sto <b style="font-style:italic" class="">en </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1sg go Prio1 Loc-store Prio2</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “Let me (first) go to
the store.” <br class="">
[= sorry to leave you, I'll be right back.] —
suggesting our convo is bound to continue soon. <br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px">(In
actual fact, those Prioritive utterances are often a
polite way to take leave.)<br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">I described the various uses
of the Prioritive (“le Prioritif”) in François (2003:
278-301).</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<ul class="">
<ul class="">
<li class="">
<font face="georgia, serif" class="">François, Alexandre.
2003. <i class="">La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap
(Vanuatu)</i> Collection Linguistique de La
Société de Linguistique de Paris, 84. Paris,
Louvain: Peeters.<font size="1" class=""> [ <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Mwotlap-Predicat_2003_SLP.pdf#page=298" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">direct
link to section</a> ]</font></font>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">______</div>
<div class="gmail_default">Once again, the Creole <span style="color:rgb(204,0,0)" class=""><b class="">Bislama </b></span>has
calqued the category of the Prioritive through
relexification. <br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">The Bislama Prioritive is an
adverb <span style="color:rgb(153,0,255)" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-family:georgia,serif" class=""><i class="">fastaem</i> </span>
</b></span>(< Eng. <i class="">first time</i>), which is very
common in conversation.</div>
<div class="gmail_default">The structural isomorphism with
Mwotlap is again striking:<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(1') <font size="4" class="">Yumi trink kava <i class=""><b class="">fastaem</b></i>, ale
kakae.</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1in:pl drink kava PRIOR then eat</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> (Past
interpretation) “We <u class="">first</u> drank kava, then we had
dinner.” <br class="">
~ (Future interpⁿ) “<u class="">First</u> we'll drink kava,
then we'll have dinner.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(2') <font size="4" class="">Yumi trink kava <i class=""><b class="">fastaem</b></i>,
ale <b class="">jes </b>kakae <b class="">nao</b>.</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1inc:pl drink kava PRIOR then TmFoc
eat FOC<br class="">
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> (Future interpⁿ) “<u class="">First</u>
we'll drink kava, and <i class=""><u class="">only then</u></i> shall we
have dinner.”</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(3")
<font size="4" class="">Yumi trink kava <i class=""><b class="">fastaem</b></i></font>
<font size="4" class=""><b style="font-style:italic" class=""> </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1inc:pl drink kava PRIOR
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “<u class="">First</u> (before
anything else) let's have kava !”</div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(4')
<font size="4" class="">Yu spel <i class=""><b class="">fastaem</b></i><b style="font-style:italic" class=""> </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
2sg rest PRIOR
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “Why don't you
(first) rest?”</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">(5')
<font size="4" class="">Mi go lo sto <b class=""><i class="">fastaem</i></b><b style="font-style:italic" class=""> </b>!</font></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace" class="">
1sg go PREP store PRIOR</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “[excuse me for a
sec…] Let me (first) go to the store.” <br class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">From what David described, it seems
that Indonesian <i class="">dulu </i>would be used in similar
contexts. I think his description would fit well the
Prioritive in its politeness functions: <br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div class="gmail_default" style="margin-left:40px"><i class=""><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif" class="">While in (1)
the further activity is overtly expressed, in (2) it
is merely implied, which has the effect of softening
the imperative/hortative meaning and thereby
rendering it more polite.
</span></i></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">If so, this semantic category of
Prioritive, and these phraseological strategies, might well
be typically Austronesian (??). It would have survived
structurally in the systems in spite of many layers of
language change, incorporating phonological material both
through language-internal relexification [Mwotlap] and
through language contact [Bislama]. <br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">I am often impressed by the
resilience of semantic categories in spite of the renewal of
their phonological content. I wonder if that is universal,
or specific to Pacific languages, and linked to their
particular linguistic ecology…<br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">best<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex<br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;color:rgb(32,33,36);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;width:445.96px;word-spacing:0px" class="">
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<div style="background-color:transparent;background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;border-right-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-top-color:rgb(32,33,36);border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:100%;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;height:170.88px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:19.99px;outline-color:transparent;outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;overflow:visible;overflow-y:visible;width:445.96px" dir="ltr" class="">
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<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" class="">
<div style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" class="">
<div style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<hr style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="70" size="1" noshade="noshade" align="left" class="">
<div class=""><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif" class=""><font size="2" class=""><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)" class="">Alex
François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class=""><br class="">
</span></font></p><p style="text-decoration:none" class=""><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class=""><font size="1" class=""><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Sorbonne
nouvelle</a><br class="">
</span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Australian
National University<br class="">
</a><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""></span><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Academia
Europaea</a> – </span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class=""><font size="1" class=""><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class=""><font size="1" class=""><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Academia.edu</a><br class="">
</span><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""></span></font></span></span><span style="text-decoration:none" class=""><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Personal
homepage</a></span></font></span></p>
<hr style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;" size="1" class=""></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 24 Feb 2021 at 12:03,
David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div class=""><p class="">Dear all,</p><p class="">Sergey's query, and especially Alex's recent response on
Vanuatu languages, have given me new insights into the
Indonesian word <i class="">dulu</i>, which I now realize also
belongs to the same general category of "phrasal/focal
particles". While the "literal meaning of <i class="">dulu</i> is
something like "first", it is used in a wider range of
contexts than, say, English <i class="">first. </i> The first
example shows <i class="">dulu</i> in a narrative past context:</p><p class="">(1) Dia makan dulu baru pulang<br class="">
3 eat DULU new go.home<br class="">
'He/she/they ate and then went home'</p><p class="">The next example shows <i class="">dulu</i> in its very common
use as a polite imperative or hortative:<br class="">
</p><p class="">(2) Makan dulu <br class="">
eat DULU <br class="">
'Please eat' / 'Let's eat'</p><p class="">In both cases, <i class="">dulu</i> combines a temporal/aspectual
with a focus meaning. However, whereas Alex's Vanuatu
examples involved restrictive focus (X but not Y),
Indonesian <i class="">dulu</i> involves additive focus (X and
also/then Y). Thus, in both examples, <i class="">dulu</i> bears
the implication that after eating, some other, unspecified
activity will occur. While in (1) the further activity is
overtly expressed, in (2) it is merely implied, which has
the effect of softening the imperative/hortative meaning
and thereby rendering it more polite.</p><p class="">David <br class="">
</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="">On 23/02/2021 20:20, Sergey Loesov wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dear
colleagues,</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt" class="">Are you aware of
cross-language or </span><i style="font-size:11pt" class="">einzelsprachlich</i><span style="font-size:11pt" class=""> studies of the
semantics/pragmatics of particles like “</span><b style="font-size:11pt" class="">at last</b><span style="font-size:11pt" class="">” “</span><b style="font-size:11pt" class="">only now</b><span style="font-size:11pt" class="">”, and similar. I.e.,
‘particles’ that combine phasal and focus semantics.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt" class="">Best wishes,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size:11pt" class="">Sergey</span></p>
</div>
<br class="">
<fieldset class=""></fieldset>
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<pre cols="72" class="">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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</blockquote>
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</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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