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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Chenlei,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">You say ”the -<i>ed</i> in English adds the past tense information to the verb”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">.
But that statement is ambiguous: ‘it adds the information that the verb is in the past tense’, or ‘it adds the information that the sentence refers to the past’. And if we opt for the latter interpretation, it need not at all be the case that the information
is lacking in the context. In the sentence <i>Yesterday, it rained</i>, the tense of the verb does not give us any new information about temporal reference. So in that context, -<i>ed</i> would be “indicative” in your sense. Among grammatical markers, it’s
hard to find examples that are consistently additive. I agree with what Jürgen Bohnemeyer said, but would like to add that it appears to be a common feature of grammaticalization processes for them to reduce the discourse prominence of markers, make them less
additive, and simultaneously raise their cross-linguistic variability. Self-promotion: Dahl (2004), pp. 54, 55, 121-123.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Östen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Da
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Dahl,
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Ö</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">sten
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> (2004). The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity . John Benjamins</span>.
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:#1000">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Från:</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>För </b>???<br>
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Skickat:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> den 17 mars 2021 16:46<br>
<b>Till:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Ämne:</b> [Lingtyp] additive markers and indicative markers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Dear all,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">As you know, a grammatical marker is considered to mark some syntactic/ semantic information, e.g., an aspect marker marks the aspectual information and a case marker is used to mark the relation
between the marked noun and the verb or another noun. This understanding of marker is well accepted. But thinking further, we see that there may be two different types of markers, which we would like to term the "additive marker" and "indicative marker".</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Additive markers are consistent with our general understanding of "markers". That is, the marker adds some information that is lack in the original context. For example, the
<i>-ed</i> in English adds the past tense information to the verb. Indicative markers, to the best of my knowledge, however, are not fully recognized in the literature. An indicative marker is the marker that indicates the information that already exists in
the original context. For example, the Chinese passive marker <i>bei</i> in <i>
shui bei wo he le</i> water PASS I drink pfv 'The water was drank by me' could be treated as an indicative marker in this specific context because the passive relation between "water" and "drink" already exists even without the aid of
<i>bei</i>. In this situation, <i>bei</i> is used to indicate the existed passive relation. </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Our preliminary study shows that there is no clear boundary between additive markers and indicative markers, and the two can be transformed in certain contexts. For example, English plural marker
<i>-s</i> can be either additive or indicative. In "the teachers came in" (vs. "the teacher came in" ), <i>-s</i> is additive; but in "six teachers", since the plural meaning has already existed in the numeral "six", <i>-s</i> is indicative.</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">I was wondering if you think it makes sense to distinguish these two types of markers in typological study and if you are aware of any research that has explored this issue. </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Thank you very much in advance.</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Best wishes,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">--</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Zhou, Chenlei</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Dept. of Syntax & Semantics,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Institute of Linguistics, </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">#5 Jianguomennei Street, Beijing, 100732, P.R.China </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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