<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi Chenlei,<div class="">My own view does not assume any necessary (or unnecessary) marking, and any marking that is used is used to constrain the addressee’s abductive inference of the communicator's intention in doing the particular communicative act (which includes the entire communicative act, including gesture). Languages then differ in terms of what aspects they constrain, whether they do so obligatorily or optionally, the extent to which they constrain it, and the particular forms they use to constrain the interpretation. So in the case of a speaker using the <i class="">bèi</i> 被 construction (and it should be understood as a construction, as conventionalisation/grammaticalisation is of constructions, not individual morphemes), it is because the speaker puts extra effort into constraining the hearer’s abductive inference to try to get the hearer to create the meaning intended by the speaker (meaning is created, not decoded). This is how conventionalisation/grammaticalization happens: if we constrain the interpretation over and over in a particular way, it can become conventionalised and possibly even obligatory. In the process it can spread to different uses/contexts that are less prototypical. Your example is not a prototypical use of the <i class="">bèi</i> 被 construction, but could be used if there was a special context. This is why it is important to use natural examples and give the larger context.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Btw, I don’t see a difference between what some people talk about as conceptual vs. procedural meaning or conceptual vs. contextualisation cues (Gumperz); all linguistic forms are there to help in the inferential process, i.e. all are contextualisation cues. But linguistic forms are not the totality of what goes into the inference, i.e. unlike much of linguistic theory, particularly in the 20th century, it isn’t assumed that all the meaning intended is expressed in the linguistic forms. And the idea that things in language should not be redundant I think is also problematic and due to the goal of building a tight model rather than the goal of understanding how languages work.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Here is a short outline of these ideas:</div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class="">LaPolla, Randy J. 2015. On the logical
necessity of a cultural connection for all aspects of linguistic structure.</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class=""> In </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class="">Rik De Busser & Randy J.
LaPolla (eds.), </span><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class="">Language Structure and Environment: Social, Cultural, and
Natural Factors, </i><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class="">33-44</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;" class="">.
Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</span></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><a href="https://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla/Papers/LaPolla_2015_On_the_logical_necessity_of_a_cultural_and_cognitive_connection.pdf" class="">https://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla/Papers/LaPolla_2015_On_the_logical_necessity_of_a_cultural_and_cognitive_connection.pdf</a></span> </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">All the best,</div><div class="">Randy<br class=""><div class=""><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">-----</span></span><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class=""><b class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> (羅</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" class=""><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">)</span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">| </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Singapore 639818</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.info/" class="">http://randylapolla.info/</a></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class="">(<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" class="">personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a>)</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Most recent books:</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><i class="">The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd Edition (</i>2017)</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" class="">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><i class="">Sino-Tibetan Linguistics </i>(2018)</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span class="" style="background-color: white;"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" class="" style="color: rgb(149, 79, 114);">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a></font></span></div></div></div></span></span></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 17 Mar 2021, at 11:45 PM, 周晨磊 <<a href="mailto:zhouchenlei@126.com" class="">zhouchenlei@126.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="line-height: 1.7; font-size: 14px; font-family: simsun, STSongti-SC-Regular;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Dear all,</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">As you know, a grammatical marker is considered to mark some syntactic/ semantic information, e.g., an aspect marker marks the aspectual information and a case marker is used to mark the relation between the marked noun and the verb or another noun. This understanding of marker is well accepted. But thinking further, we see that there may be two different types of markers, which we would like to term the "additive marker" and "indicative marker".</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Additive markers are consistent with our general understanding of "markers". That is, the marker adds some information that is lack in the original context. For example, the <i class="">-ed</i> in English adds the past tense information to the verb. Indicative markers, to the best of my knowledge, however, are not fully recognized in the literature. An indicative marker is the marker that indicates the information that already exists in the original context. For example, the Chinese passive marker <i class="">bei</i> in <i class="">shui bei wo he le</i> water PASS I drink pfv 'The water was drank by me' could be treated as an indicative marker in this specific context because the passive relation between "water" and "drink" already exists even without the aid of <i class="">bei</i>. In this situation, <i class="">bei</i> is used to indicate the existed passive relation. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Our preliminary study shows that there is no clear boundary between additive markers and indicative markers, and the two can be transformed in certain contexts. For example, English plural marker <i class="">-s</i> can be either additive or indicative. In "the teachers came in" (vs. "the teacher came in" ), </span><i style="font-size: 18px;" class="">-s</i><span style="font-size: 18px;" class=""> is additive; but in "six teachers", since the plural meaning has already existed in the numeral "six", </span><i style="font-size: 18px;" class="">-s</i><span style="font-size: 18px;" class=""> is indicative.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">I was wondering if you think it makes sense to distinguish these two types of markers in typological study and if you are aware of any research that has explored this issue. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Thank you very much in advance.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Best wishes,</span></div><div style="position:relative;zoom:1" class=""><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">--</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Zhou, Chenlei</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Dept. of Syntax & Semantics,</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Institute of Linguistics, </span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-size: 18px;" class="">#5 Jianguomennei Street, Beijing, 100732, P.R.China </span></div><div style="clear:both" class=""></div></div></div><br class=""><br class=""><span title="neteasefooter" class=""><div class=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div></span>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></div></body></html>