<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
In his 1994 paper "The pragmatics of de-transitive voice", T. Givón
gave a purely functional definition of "passive" that made no
reference to verbal marking: a construction in which "the patient is
more topical than the agent, and the agent is extremely non-topical"
(contrasting with "inverse voice", where the agent retains more
topicality).<br>
<br>
That was an interesting concept, but we simply don't use the term
"passive" in this way. Since Siewierska (1984) and Keenan (1985) at
the latest, there has been a widespread understanding of a passive
construction as involving P promotion and A demotion, plus verbal
marking. So this is actually a primarily formal definition. (In my
1990 paper on "passive morphology", I did not take the verb coding
as definitional and claimed that it was an empirical finding that it
was always there. But I now think it must be definitional, because
"A-demoting" constructions without verb coding are simply ergative
constructions.)<br>
<br>
I think the verb coding has to be affixal, because otherwise we
don't know for sure that it's associated with the verb. Moreover, we
want to say that a passive construction is a "voice construction"
(cf. Zúñiga & Kittilä 2019), and voice alternations are best
defined as valency alternations with verb coding.<br>
<br>
(I'm not sure about the notion of an "isolating" language; Chinese
certainly has a number of verbal affixes, and I don't know of a
language that lacks verbal affixation entirely; on the notion of
"affix", see my 2021 paper in <i>Voprosy Jazykoznanija</i>:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/4628279">https://zenodo.org/record/4628279</a>).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 22.03.21 um 20:57 schrieb Daniel
Ross:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAAm4d-66cH=QzrhCcsiw4CU8s7TU1TwCuOUXgD5VdeG2m=0LSg@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Martin, are you suggesting that isolating languages cannot
have passives? Surely function shouldn't be necessarily tied
to form?<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Serial verb constructions are well known to develop into
passive constructions in some languages. Are you suggesting
that cannot happen until the construction morphologizes?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>There are certainly some details to work out in the
definition, but as a rough approximation, I'm not sure why
there cannot be a passive auxiliary in these cases. English
also has a passive auxiliary (BE), which happens to select for
a verb in the participle form (-EN). But if English allowed
for a bare verb complement of BE in that construction, would
that not be a passive either?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>One important point I'm trying to emphasize with my own
research is that definitions should, as much as possible,
avoid conflating form and function. Passivization is a
function, not a form. It has to do with argument structure,
not how it is marked morphosyntactically. As a draft of a
simple comparative concept, a passive is a construction (that
is, any form) that demotes the subject (i.e. A, etc.) argument
(typically making it optional), while promoting the object
(i.e. P, etc.) to that role. That could be via morphology, or
an auxiliary verb, or perhaps something else (maybe just case
marking?).<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 22, 2021 at 12:03
PM Guillaume Jacques <<a
href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com" moz-do-not-send="true">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>From my perspective, the problem with a definition
including "primarily associated with the expression of" is
that it would exclude non-dedicated passives, i.e.
polyfunctional morphemes one of whose function is passive,
but also used with other functions.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Guillaume<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Le lun. 22 mars 2021
à 19:53, Chao Li <<a href="mailto:chao.li@aya.yale.edu"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">chao.li@aya.yale.edu</a>>
a écrit :<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Dear Martin,</span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">I agree that any
definition of a comparative concept will likely
result in the exclusion of some
“legacy cases”. Given that you are using “passive”
as a comparative concept in a
very ambitious sense and given that you have all
human languages in mind and
would like to have a definition as clear and
inclusive as possible, there is
the question of the extent of the cases that will be
excluded by the definition
you referred to. To what extent are passives
described in specific language
grammars coded with an affix on the verb and to what
extent are they not? Does anyone on this list
server have a more or
less clear answer on this? Then as for the
possibility of a definition of passive
that might also cover cases like Mandarin, how about
the replacement of a
passive affix on the verb with a grammatical
morpheme primarily associated with
the expression of a passive meaning? Would that
work? </span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Best regards,</span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Chao</span></p>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 22, 2021
at 1:03 PM Martin Haspelmath <<a
href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px
0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div> Yes, comparative concepts cannot be right or
wrong, but traditional terms can be defined in a
better or less good way. Note that the original
question by Ian Joo used the traditional term
"passive", assuming that we know what it means (not
necessarily assuming that "passive" is a concept
that is useful for typological generalizations).<br>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Good definitions of traditional terms are (i)
clear (i.e. based on clear concepts) and (ii)
largely coextensive with legacy usage. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Traditional terms can rarely be defined clearly
in such a way that the definition covers ALL
legacy cases. So while the Chinese <i>bèi </i>
construction is similar to the Swahili Passive, I
don’t see that we can have a definition of <i>passive</i>
that covers both. Maybe even the English Passive
is not included. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>By contrast, I don’t see why Papuan Malay <i>dapa-pukul</i>
shouldn’t be included. Isn’t <i>dapa-</i> a
passive prefix? (And similarly Riau Indonesian <i>kena-pukul</i>.)<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div>Am 22.03.21 um 12:25 schrieb David Gil:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<p>Martin,</p>
<p>As you've pointed out on numerous occasions,
comparative concepts can't be right or wrong,
they can only be more or less useful as tools
for typological generalizations. Still, with
that in mind, I suspect that a comparative
concept of "passive" that subsumes, say, the
rather garden-variety constructions in (1) and
(2), rather than excluding them on the grounds
that the verb lacks an affix, as you would have
things, will turn out to be more useful for
typologists (not to mention conforming more
closely with common every-day usage).</p>
<p>(1) Riau Indonesian<br>
<i>Yusuf kena pukul sama Musa</i><br>
Yusuf PASS hit together Musa<br>
'Yusuf got hit by Musa'<br>
[cf. "active" <i>Musa pukul Yusuf</i>]</p>
<p>(1) Papuan Malay<br>
<i>Yusuf dapa pukul dari Musa</i><br>
Yusuf PASS hit from Musa<br>
'Yusuf got hit by Musa'<br>
[cf. "active" <i>Musa pukul Yusuf</i>]</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 22/03/2021 08:24, Martin Haspelmath wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"> Yes, the definition that
I use presupposes an understanding of
"verb-coded" and "adposition", but this is
typical of definitions: They work only if their
component parts are defined or understood
clearly. <br>
<br>
So is <i>bèi</i> a verb-coding element in (1)
and (4)? It could be said to be "verb-phrase
coding" (as David notes), but the notion of
"verb phrase" is not cross-linguistically
applicable in an obvious way. So I would
restrict "passive" (as a comparative concept) to
forms where the verb has an affix (because this
is the only situation in which the two sister
constructions are clearly asymmetric). Now is <i>bèi</i>
a prefix in (1)? This would be possible only if
<i>bèi</i> in (1) and <i>bèi</i> in (4) are two
different elements – and it seems that we do not
want to say this.<br>
<br>
Chao rightly asks: "In what sense is the English
passive construction verb-coded?" The English
Passive includes an Auxiliary, but there is no
good cross-linguistic definition of "auxiliary",
so we don't want to say that auxiliaries can be
criterial for passives. Some English verbs have
what looks like a passive affix (e.g. <i>-en</i>
in <i>tak-en</i>), but the English Passive
construction does not clearly fall under the
definition that I gave. (A good illustration of
"passive" is Siewierska's first example in her
WALS chapter, from Swahili: <i>chakula kilipik-<b>wa</b>
(na Hamisi)</i> 'The food was cooked by
Hamisi').<br>
<br>
There is a tradition of appealing to "tests for
subject properties" (going back to Keenan 1976),
but this seems appropriate only at the
language-particular level. Since these tests are
different in different languages, this approach
does not work well in a comparative context.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div>Am 21.03.21 um 20:28 schrieb David Gil:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<p>Chao, Martin,<br>
<br>
I agree with Chao's characterization of
Mandarin (1) as being a passive under most
or all reasonable definitions thereof;
however, I fail to see why (4) cannot also
be considered to be a passive. In (4), <i>bèi</i>
is not flagging <i>jĭngchá</i> 'police' but
rather is marking the entire phrase <i>jĭngchá
tuō-zŏu-le</i> — it may thus be analyzed
as an instance of "verb(-phrase) coding". <br>
<br>
Many Southeast Asian languages have
paradigms which correspond to that in (1) -
(4) except that, in the counterpart of (4),
the agent phrase follows rather than
precedes the verb. Such constructions are
commonly referred to as "passives", or, more
specifically, as "periphrastic" or sometimes
"adversative passives". Moreover, in such
languages, the counterpart of Mandarin <i>bèi</i>
is presumably also applying to the
verb-plus-agent phrase as a whole. So the
only obvious difference between such
constructions and Mandarin (4) is that of
word order. (I say "*obvious* difference"
because it may be the case that syntactic
tests will show that <i>jĭngchá</i> in (4)
has more subject properties than do the
usual Southeast Asian postverbal agent
phrases, in which case the prototypicality
of (4) as a passive would decrease
accordingly. But has anybody shown this to
be the case?)</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 21/03/2021 19:31, Chao Li wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Dear
Martin,</span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>It
perhaps depends on what you mean by
“verb-coded”. For example, in what
sense is the English passive
construction verb-coded? In a Mandarin
sentence like (1), the meaning is
passive and crucially it is coded with
the passive morpheme <i>bèi</i>,
which historically could be used as a
verb that means “to suffer”. The
single argument in (1) can also
correspond to the Patient argument of
an active sentence like (2) or (3).
Moreover, it can be said that the
Agent argument gets suppressed in (1).
Therefore, it appears reasonable to
analyze (1) as a passive construction
both Chinese-internally and
crosslinguistically. As for whether a </span>
<i>bèi</i><span>-construction like (4)
can be analyzed as a passive
construction that fits the definition,
such an analysis is possible if one
accepts the (controversial and
debatable) assumption that <i>bèi</i>
in (4) assumes not only its primary
role of being a passive marker but
also an additional role of being a
preposition. </span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<img
src="cid:part4.9F881C55.9DB1C2E9@eva.mpg.de"
alt="image.png" class="" width="412"
height="253">
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span> </span><span> </span><br>
</p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Best
regards,</span></p>
<p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>Chao</span></p>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun,
Mar 21, 2021 at 10:07 AM Martin
Haspelmath <<a
href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div> According to my favourite
definition of "passive construction",
these Mandarin examples are
(apparently) not passive
constructions:<br>
<br>
<font size="-1">"A passive voice
construction is a verb-coded valency
construction (i) whose sister
valency construction is transitive
and not verb-coded, and (ii) which
has an S-argument corresponding to
the transitive P, and (iii) which
has a suppressed or oblique-flagged
argument corresponding to the
transitive A".</font><br>
<br>
According to this definition, a
passive construction "marks both the
agent and the verb" (unless the agent
is suppressed or otherwise absent).
But Ian Joo's question was probably
about languages where the SAME marker
can occur on the verb and on the
oblique agent. This would be very
unusual, because passive voice markers
are not expected to be similar to an
oblique agent flag.<br>
<br>
Now my question is: Are these Mandarin
(and Shanghainese)
BEI/GEI-constructions passives? They
have traditionally been called
passives, but since the BEI element is
obligatory, while the agent can be
omitted (<i>Zhangsan bei (Lisi) da le</i>
'Zhangsan was hit (by Lisi)'), it
cannot be a preposition or case
prefix. At least that would seem to
follow from the definition of
"affix/adposition". So I think this
construction doesn't fall under a
rigorous definition of "passive
construction". (Rather, it is a sui
generis construction.)<br>
<br>
Some authors might say that it is a
"noncanonical passive" (cf. Legate,
Julie Anne. 2021. Noncanonical
passives: A typology of voices in an
impoverished Universal Grammar. <i>Annual
Review of Linguistics</i> 7(1). doi:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031920-114459"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031920-114459</a>),
but there does not seem to be a clear
limit to this vague notion (is every
topicalization construction a
noncanonical passive?). I do not know
of a fully explicit definition of
"passive construction" that clearly
includes the Mandarin BEI
constructions.<br>
<span
title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-031920-114459&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Noncanonical%20passives%3A%20A%20typology%20of%20voices%20in%20an%20impoverished%20Universal%20Grammar&rft.jtitle=Annual%20Review%20of%20Linguistics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.aufirst=Julie%20Anne&rft.aulast=Legate&rft.au=Julie%20Anne%20Legate&rft.date=2021"></span><br>
Best wishes,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div>Am 28.02.21 um 19:46 schrieb
bingfu Lu:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">A better example in
Mandarin may be:</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div><span>Zhangsan bei-Lisi
gei-da-le.</span><br>
<span>Zhangsan PASS-Lisi
PASS-hit-PRF</span><br>
<span>`Zhangsan was hit by
Lisi.'</span></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">'bei' is
etymologically related to
'suffer' while‘给’ to 'give'.</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">In fact, </div>
<div dir="ltr"><span><span>Zhangsan
bei-(Lisi) da-le.</span></span><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif" color="#26282a">can
also change to</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif" color="#26282a"><span><span>Zhangsan
gei-(Lisi） da-le.</span></span><br>
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif" color="#26282a"><span><span><br>
</span></span></font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif" color="#26282a">Furthermore,
in Shanghainese, the PASS is
a morpheme homophonic to the
morpheme for 'give'.</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif" color="#26282a"><br>
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr">regards,<br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">Bingfu Lu</div>
<div dir="ltr">Beijing Language
University</div>
<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div
id="gmail-m_5319021477283321762gmail-m_-5660392288109528183gmail-m_-9220910343995609513gmail-m_-7067846232154779631ydp9b85d7ebyahoo_quoted_4775567649">
<div>
<div> On Sunday, February 28,
2021, 10:26:36 PM GMT+8, JOO,
Ian [Student] <a
href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk></a>
wrote: </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div
id="gmail-m_5319021477283321762gmail-m_-5660392288109528183gmail-m_-9220910343995609513gmail-m_-7067846232154779631ydp9b85d7ebyiv9747170334">
<div>
<div>
<div>Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
I wonder if you are
aware of any language
whose passive
construction marks
both the agent and the
verb.<br>
For example, in
Mandarin, the agent
receives the passive
marker <em>bei.</em><br>
<br>
(1) Zhangsan bei-Lisi
da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-Lisi
hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit by
Lisi.'<br>
<br>
When the agent is
omitted, the verb
receives <em>bei</em>.<br>
<br>
(2) Zhangsan
bei-da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit.'<br>
<br>
But, in some
occasions, both the
agent and the verb
receive <em>bei</em>:<br>
<br>
(3) Zhangsan bei-Lisi
bei-da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-Lisi
PASS-hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit by
Lisi.'<br>
<br>
Are you aware of any
other language where a
construction like (3)
is possible?<br>
The only one I am
aware of at the moment
is Vietnamese.<br>
I would greatly
appreciate any help.</div>
</div>
<div><br>
Regards,
<div>Ian</div>
</div>
<img alt=""
src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true">
<p><br>
<em><font size="3"
face="Times New
Roman">Disclaimer:</font></em></p>
<p
style="margin-left:0.5in"><i><font
size="3" face="Times
New Roman"
color="black"><span>This
message (including
any attachments)
contains
confidential
information
intended for a
specific
individual and
purpose. If you
are not the
intended
recipient, you
should delete this
message and notify
the sender and The
Hong Kong
Polytechnic
University (the
University)
immediately. Any
disclosure,
copying, or
distribution of
this message, or
the taking of any
action based on
it, is strictly
prohibited and may
be unlawful.</span></font></i></p>
<p
style="margin-left:0.5in"><i><span><font
style="background-color:inherit" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The
University
specifically
denies any
responsibility for
the accuracy or
quality of
information
obtained through
University E-mail
Facilities. Any
views and opinions
expressed are only
those of the
author(s) and do
not necessarily
represent those of
the University and
the University
accepts no
liability
whatsoever for any
losses or damages
incurred or caused
to any party as a
result of the use
of such
information.</font></span></i></p>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Guillaume Jacques</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Directeur de recherches<br>
CNRS (CRLAO) - INALCO - EHESS<br>
<a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques</a></div>
<div>
<div><a href="http://panchr.hypotheses.org/"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
</body>
</html>