<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<p>Martin,</p>
<p>Your suggestion that Papuan Malay <i>dapa</i> and Riau
Indonesian <i>kena</i> are prefixes surprises me for two
independent reasons, principled and language-specific: (a) on
principled grounds because I know you don't attach much weight to
the distinction between affixes and other "larger" elements, and
(b) on language-specific grounds because <i>dapa</i> and <i>kena</i>
behave like complete and separate words rather than affixes with
respect to just about any language-specific criterion you can
think of: they are disyllabic, they exhibit an array of
phonological properties associated with a complete phonological
foot, they can occur in isolation as complete non-elliptical
sentences, they are content words associated with particular
meanings, roughly 'get' and 'undergo' respectively, and so forth.
Calling them affixes makes no sense either emically, in terms of
language-specific analyses, or etically, in terms of comparative
concepts.</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 22/03/2021 15:16, Martin Haspelmath
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:35872608-f51a-6387-898f-575bfdaa47f9@eva.mpg.de">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Yes, comparative concepts cannot be right or wrong, but
traditional terms can be defined in a better or less good way.
Note that the original question by Ian Joo used the traditional
term "passive", assuming that we know what it means (not
necessarily assuming that "passive" is a concept that is useful
for typological generalizations).<br>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Good definitions of traditional terms are (i) clear (i.e.
based on clear concepts) and (ii) largely coextensive with
legacy usage. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Traditional terms can rarely be defined clearly in such a way
that the definition covers ALL legacy cases. So while the
Chinese <i>bèi </i> construction is similar to the Swahili
Passive, I don’t see that we can have a definition of <i>passive</i>
that covers both. Maybe even the English Passive is not
included. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>By contrast, I don’t see why Papuan Malay <i>dapa-pukul</i>
shouldn’t be included. Isn’t <i>dapa-</i> a passive prefix?
(And similarly Riau Indonesian <i>kena-pukul</i>.)<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 22.03.21 um 12:25 schrieb David
Gil:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:b630d0bc-655e-766b-4732-ee87f7d2f499@shh.mpg.de">
<p>Martin,</p>
<p>As you've pointed out on numerous occasions, comparative
concepts can't be right or wrong, they can only be more or
less useful as tools for typological generalizations. Still,
with that in mind, I suspect that a comparative concept of
"passive" that subsumes, say, the rather garden-variety
constructions in (1) and (2), rather than excluding them on
the grounds that the verb lacks an affix, as you would have
things, will turn out to be more useful for typologists (not
to mention conforming more closely with common every-day
usage).</p>
<p>(1) Riau Indonesian<br>
<i>Yusuf kena pukul sama Musa</i><br>
Yusuf PASS hit together Musa<br>
'Yusuf got hit by Musa'<br>
[cf. "active" <i>Musa pukul Yusuf</i>]</p>
<p>(1) Papuan Malay<br>
<i>Yusuf dapa pukul dari Musa</i><br>
Yusuf PASS hit from Musa<br>
'Yusuf got hit by Musa'<br>
[cf. "active" <i>Musa pukul Yusuf</i>]</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 22/03/2021 08:24, Martin
Haspelmath wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:577dc3c4-09c0-7371-9cb6-bab16c4b734c@eva.mpg.de">
Yes, the definition that I use presupposes an understanding of
"verb-coded" and "adposition", but this is typical of
definitions: They work only if their component parts are
defined or understood clearly. <br>
<br>
So is <i>bèi</i> a verb-coding element in (1) and (4)? It
could be said to be "verb-phrase coding" (as David notes), but
the notion of "verb phrase" is not cross-linguistically
applicable in an obvious way. So I would restrict "passive"
(as a comparative concept) to forms where the verb has an
affix (because this is the only situation in which the two
sister constructions are clearly asymmetric). Now is <i>bèi</i>
a prefix in (1)? This would be possible only if <i>bèi</i> in
(1) and <i>bèi</i> in (4) are two different elements – and it
seems that we do not want to say this.<br>
<br>
Chao rightly asks: "In what sense is the English passive
construction verb-coded?" The English Passive includes an
Auxiliary, but there is no good cross-linguistic definition of
"auxiliary", so we don't want to say that auxiliaries can be
criterial for passives. Some English verbs have what looks
like a passive affix (e.g. <i>-en</i> in <i>tak-en</i>), but
the English Passive construction does not clearly fall under
the definition that I gave. (A good illustration of "passive"
is Siewierska's first example in her WALS chapter, from
Swahili: <i>chakula kilipik-<b>wa</b> (na Hamisi)</i> 'The
food was cooked by Hamisi').<br>
<br>
There is a tradition of appealing to "tests for subject
properties" (going back to Keenan 1976), but this seems
appropriate only at the language-particular level. Since these
tests are different in different languages, this approach does
not work well in a comparative context.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 21.03.21 um 20:28 schrieb
David Gil:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:8b99d376-6266-a5d8-2bdc-119833daaa34@shh.mpg.de">
<p>Chao, Martin,<br>
<br>
I agree with Chao's characterization of Mandarin (1) as
being a passive under most or all reasonable definitions
thereof; however, I fail to see why (4) cannot also be
considered to be a passive. In (4), <i>bèi</i> is not
flagging <i>jĭngchá</i> 'police' but rather is marking
the entire phrase <i>jĭngchá tuō-zŏu-le</i>
<style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style> — it may thus be analyzed as an instance
of "verb(-phrase) coding". <br>
<br>
Many Southeast Asian languages have paradigms which
correspond to that in (1) - (4) except that, in the
counterpart of (4), the agent phrase follows rather than
precedes the verb. Such constructions are commonly
referred to as "passives", or, more specifically, as
"periphrastic" or sometimes "adversative passives".
Moreover, in such languages, the counterpart of Mandarin <i>bèi</i>
is presumably also applying to the verb-plus-agent phrase
as a whole. So the only obvious difference between such
constructions and Mandarin (4) is that of word order. (I
say "*obvious* difference" because it may be the case that
syntactic tests will show that <i>jĭngchá</i> in (4) has
more subject properties than do the usual Southeast Asian
postverbal agent phrases, in which case the
prototypicality of (4) as a passive would decrease
accordingly. But has anybody shown this to be the case?)</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 21/03/2021 19:31, Chao Li
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAL3Jw8RW9h=M9CH5d7OHZNHF3OFeXCUtQGm7LJoPgR8MnQhxgA@mail.gmail.com">
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Dear Martin,</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">It perhaps depends on what you
mean by “verb-coded”. For example, in what sense is
the English passive construction verb-coded? In a
Mandarin sentence like (1), the meaning is passive
and crucially it is coded with the passive morpheme
<i>bèi</i>, which historically could be used as a
verb that means “to suffer”. The single argument in
(1) can also correspond to the Patient argument of
an active sentence like (2) or (3). Moreover, it can
be said that the Agent argument gets suppressed in
(1). Therefore, it appears reasonable to analyze (1)
as a passive construction both Chinese-internally
and crosslinguistically. As for whether a </span> <i>bèi</i><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">-construction like (4) can be
analyzed as a passive construction that fits the
definition, such an analysis is possible if one
accepts the (controversial and debatable) assumption
that <i>bèi</i> in (4) assumes not only its primary
role of being a passive marker but also an
additional role of being a preposition. </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<img src="cid:part1.01EFB877.607AD22C@shh.mpg.de"
alt="image.png" class="" width="412" height="253">
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt"> </span><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt"> </span><br>
</p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Best regards,</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span
style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">Chao</span></p>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Mar 21, 2021
at 10:07 AM Martin Haspelmath <<a
href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de"
moz-do-not-send="true">martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px
0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div> According to my favourite definition of "passive
construction", these Mandarin examples are
(apparently) not passive constructions:<br>
<br>
<font size="-1">"A passive voice construction is a
verb-coded valency construction (i) whose sister
valency construction is transitive and not
verb-coded, and (ii) which has an S-argument
corresponding to the transitive P, and (iii) which
has a suppressed or oblique-flagged argument
corresponding to the transitive A".</font><br>
<br>
According to this definition, a passive construction
"marks both the agent and the verb" (unless the
agent is suppressed or otherwise absent). But Ian
Joo's question was probably about languages where
the SAME marker can occur on the verb and on the
oblique agent. This would be very unusual, because
passive voice markers are not expected to be similar
to an oblique agent flag.<br>
<br>
Now my question is: Are these Mandarin (and
Shanghainese) BEI/GEI-constructions passives? They
have traditionally been called passives, but since
the BEI element is obligatory, while the agent can
be omitted (<i>Zhangsan bei (Lisi) da le</i>
'Zhangsan was hit (by Lisi)'), it cannot be a
preposition or case prefix. At least that would seem
to follow from the definition of "affix/adposition".
So I think this construction doesn't fall under a
rigorous definition of "passive construction".
(Rather, it is a sui generis construction.)<br>
<br>
Some authors might say that it is a "noncanonical
passive" (cf. Legate, Julie Anne. 2021. Noncanonical
passives: A typology of voices in an impoverished
Universal Grammar. <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>
7(1). doi:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031920-114459"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031920-114459</a>),
but there does not seem to be a clear limit to this
vague notion (is every topicalization construction a
noncanonical passive?). I do not know of a fully
explicit definition of "passive construction" that
clearly includes the Mandarin BEI constructions.<br>
<span
title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-031920-114459&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Noncanonical%20passives%3A%20A%20typology%20of%20voices%20in%20an%20impoverished%20Universal%20Grammar&rft.jtitle=Annual%20Review%20of%20Linguistics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.aufirst=Julie%20Anne&rft.aulast=Legate&rft.au=Julie%20Anne%20Legate&rft.date=2021"></span><br>
Best wishes,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div>Am 28.02.21 um 19:46 schrieb bingfu Lu:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div
style="font-size:16px;font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">
<div dir="ltr" style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">A
better example in Mandarin may be:</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">Zhangsan
bei-Lisi gei-da-le.</span><br
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">
<span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">Zhangsan
PASS-Lisi PASS-hit-PRF</span><br
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">
<span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">`Zhangsan
was hit by Lisi.'</span></div>
<div style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">'bei'
is etymologically related to 'suffer'
while‘给’ to 'give'.</div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">In
fact, </div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif"><span><span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px">Zhangsan
bei-(Lisi) da-le.</span></span><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
color="#26282a">can also change to</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
color="#26282a"><span><span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px">Zhangsan
gei-(Lisi） da-le.</span></span><br>
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
color="#26282a"><span><span
style="color:rgb(38,40,42);font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><br>
</span></span></font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
color="#26282a">Furthermore, in
Shanghainese, the PASS is a morpheme
homophonic to the morpheme for 'give'.</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Helvetica Neue,
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
color="#26282a"><br>
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr">regards,<br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">Bingfu
Lu</div>
<div dir="ltr"
style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif">Beijing
Language University</div>
<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:"courier
new",courier,monaco,monospace,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
</div>
<div
id="gmail-m_-7067846232154779631ydp9b85d7ebyahoo_quoted_4775567649">
<div style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(38,40,42)">
<div> On Sunday, February 28, 2021, 10:26:36
PM GMT+8, JOO, Ian [Student] <a
href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk></a>
wrote: </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div
id="gmail-m_-7067846232154779631ydp9b85d7ebyiv9747170334">
<div>
<div>
<div>Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
I wonder if you are aware of any
language whose passive construction
marks both the agent and the verb.<br>
For example, in Mandarin, the agent
receives the passive marker <em>bei.</em><br>
<br>
(1) Zhangsan bei-Lisi da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-Lisi hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit by Lisi.'<br>
<br>
When the agent is omitted, the verb
receives <em>bei</em>.<br>
<br>
(2) Zhangsan bei-da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit.'<br>
<br>
But, in some occasions, both the
agent and the verb receive <em>bei</em>:<br>
<br>
(3) Zhangsan bei-Lisi bei-da-le.<br>
Zhangsan PASS-Lisi PASS-hit-PRF<br>
`Zhangsan was hit by Lisi.'<br>
<br>
Are you aware of any other language
where a construction like (3) is
possible?<br>
The only one I am aware of at the
moment is Vietnamese.<br>
I would greatly appreciate any help.</div>
</div>
<div><br>
Regards,
<div>Ian</div>
</div>
<img alt=""
src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true">
<p><br>
<em><font size="3" face="Times New
Roman">Disclaimer:</font></em></p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in"><i><font
size="3" face="Times New Roman"
color="black"><span>This message
(including any attachments)
contains confidential
information intended for a
specific individual and purpose.
If you are not the intended
recipient, you should delete
this message and notify the
sender and The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University (the
University) immediately. Any
disclosure, copying, or
distribution of this message, or
the taking of any action based
on it, is strictly prohibited
and may be unlawful.</span></font></i></p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in"><i><span><font
style="background-color:inherit"
size="3" face="Times New Roman">The
University specifically denies
any responsibility for the
accuracy or quality of
information obtained through
University E-mail Facilities.
Any views and opinions expressed
are only those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily represent
those of the University and the
University accepts no liability
whatsoever for any losses or
damages incurred or caused to
any party as a result of the use
of such information.</font></span></i></p>
</div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a
href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" moz-do-not-send="true">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
</body>
</html>