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    But what exactly is "a clitic word"?<br>
    <br>
    In Luganda, it may be uncontroversial that there are two words in <i>e-bi-déé=by-a-nge</i> 
    'my cups', because <i>by-aa-</i> also occurs as a proclitic
    elsewhere.<br>
    <br>
    But in Quechua <i>wasi-bi-chu-ga-n</i> 'is not at home', how do we
    know that there is a "clitic word" <i>-chu</i> and a "clitic word"
    <i>-ga-n</i>, rather than three clitics <i>=chu</i>, <i>=ga</i>,
    and <i>=n</i>? Is this because <i>-ga-</i> looks like a "verb
    stem", and we have the idea that verbs are "inflected"?<br>
    <br>
    Since Schiering et al. (2010) (doi:10.1017/S0022226710000216), it
    has been widely known that "p-(rosodic) word" is not a generally
    applicable notion, which casts even more doubt on the notion of
    "clitic word".<br>
    <br>
    But if we consider items that are traditionally considered "clitics"
    in European languages, it's really easy to find complex ones among
    the bound person forms, e.g. French <i>l-e/l-a/l-es</i>, Italian <i>m-i/t-i/s-i</i>,
    Greek <i>to-n/ti-n/tu-s/t-u/ti-s</i>, Bulgarian <i>n-i/v-i/g-i</i>.<br>
    <br>
    Martin<br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 31.03.21 um 05:56 schrieb Larry M.
      HYMAN:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAMQd4M1N9itg1r0o3sazZdt9nJ8R7_Qq7v2FW=xbce6EFUfLmg@mail.gmail.com">
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      <div dir="ltr">Hi Florian,
        <div><br>
          I was expecting lots of offers over the past 16 hours, but
          none! In Bantu this is quite usual because clitics often
          combine noun class agreement with whatever the marker
          is--often fused. E.g. in Luganda the locative enclitic =kô 'on
          it, a little' consists of class 17 ku- and -o. The
          "connective" (associative, genitive) prefixes the noun class
          agreement to /-a/ (ebitabo byaa=Walúsimbi  'Walusimbi's
          books', from class 8 /bi-a/), and so forth. Several of the
          possessive pronoun enclitics are bisyllabic, e.g. class 8
          byange = /bi-a-nge/ 'my', as in e-bi-déé =by-a-nge  'my cups'
          (where the enclitic saves the length of the root -déé
          'bell(s)' from undergoing final vowel shortening.</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>There are lots of such examples in the following paper:</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Hyman, Larry M. & Francis X. Katamba. 1990. Final vowel
          shortening in Luganda. <i>Studies in African Linguistics </i>21.1-59,
          available here:</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div><a
            href="https://journals.flvc.org/sal/article/view/107438/102758"
            target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://journals.flvc.org/sal/article/view/107438/102758</a></div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Best, Larry</div>
      </div>
      <br>
      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Mar 30, 2021 at 4:36
          AM <<a href="mailto:florian.matter@isw.unibe.ch"
            target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">florian.matter@isw.unibe.ch</a>>
          wrote:<br>
        </div>
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
          0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
          <div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0px">
              Dear all,</div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0px">
              <br>
            </div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px;color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0px">
              I am looking for examples of morphologically complex
              clitics — i.e., g-words that a) do not form their own
              p-words and b) consist of multiple morphemes. Below are
              some of the few examples I have found. In (1-2), it is an
              encliticized copula which carries person inflection. In
              (3), the verb complex consists of a finite verb, a
              converb, and an auxiliary, each their own g-word. Both the
              finite verb and the auxiliary are inflected for first
              person and therefore morphologically complex.</div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><br>
            </div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">(1) Trió (Cariban)</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    əmamina-nə=pəə<b>=w-a-e</b>
                              </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">   
                play-INF=occ.with=1Sa-be-NPST.CERT </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    'I am playing'
                (Meira 1999: 180)</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier"><br>
              </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">(2) Ecuadorian
                Quechua</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    paj  mana
                wasi-bi=t͡ʃu<b>=ga-n</b>  </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    3PRO NEG
                 house-LOC=NEG=be-3 </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    'S/he is not
                at home.' (Muysken 2010: 197)</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier"><br>
              </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">(3)
                Nangikurrunggurr (Southern Daly)</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    jawul
                karicinmade
                <b>ŋebem=</b>wuɹic<b>=ŋiɹim</b>                catma    </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    spear bent    
                   1SG.S.bash.PRS=fix=1SG.S.sit.PRS straight </font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><font face="Courier">    'I'm sitting
                straightening this bent spear.' (Reid 2003: 114)</font></div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><br>
            </div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px">I am grateful for any further examples
              of such patterns, or references to literature on
              morphologically complex clitics.</div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px"><br>
            </div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px">Best,</div>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_customfont"
              style="margin:0px">Florian</div>
            <br>
            <div
id="gmail-m_-8453726521381901939gmail-m_1524622962134441887bloop_sign_1617103015902721792">
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">_____________________________</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Universität
                  Bern</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Institut
                  für Sprachwissenschaft</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Florian
                  Matter </span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm
                0.0001pt;min-height:12px"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif"> </span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Länggassstrasse
                  49</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">CH-3012
                  Bern</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Tel.
                  +41 31 631 37 54</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif">Raum B
                  168</span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><u><span
style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif;color:rgb(4,51,255)"><a
                      href="mailto:florian.matter@isw.unibe.ch"
                      style="color:rgb(0,106,227)" target="_blank"
                      moz-do-not-send="true">florian.matter@isw.unibe.ch</a></span></u><span
                  style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif"></span></p>
              <p style="font-family:Helvetica;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><u><span
style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Monaco,serif;color:rgb(4,51,255)"><a
                      href="http://www.isw.unibe.ch/"
                      style="color:rgb(0,106,227)" target="_blank"
                      moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.isw.unibe.ch</a></span></u></p>
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      <div><br>
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      -- <br>
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div dir="ltr">
          <div dir="ltr">
            <div dir="ltr">
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                <div dir="ltr">
                  <div dir="ltr">
                    <div dir="ltr">
                      <div dir="ltr">
                        <div>Larry M. Hyman, Professor of Linguistics
                          & Executive Director, France-Berkeley Fund</div>
                        <div>Department of Linguistics, University of
                          California, Berkeley</div>
                        <div><a
                            href="https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman"
                            style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman</a><br>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
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      <pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
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