<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hi David,</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Something similar happens with the preposition <i>jusqu’à </i>at
the end of a sentence for at least some African French speakers. The examples I
have are of French translations done by Barayin speakers in Chad, but I have a faint
recollection of this also being common in Cameroonian French. When spoken there
would often be a rising intensity and possibly an elongated final vowel. </p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

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  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kalas</p>
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  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">killa</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">na</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">abb-e-ti</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">kol-e</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
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  <td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">that's.all(A)</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2SG.M</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BG</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">follow-PRF-OBJ.3SG.F</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">go-PRF</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chadian translator: et puis tu l'as suivi jusqu'a</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My interpretation: ‎‎You follow her until she's gone</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

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  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ti</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">sule</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ŋ</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">n̰eet-o</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">n̰eet-o</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">na</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">damman</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">damman</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">de</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">kee</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SBJ.3SG.F</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PROG</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PREP</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">advance-INF</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">advance-INF</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BG</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">until</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">until</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">REL.SG.F</p>
  </td>
  <td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DUR(Ar)</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">Chadian translator: </span>en train d'établir un peu sa santé jusqu'a</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My interpretation: ‎‎It [the cow’s health] is getting better
and better</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Note that in these examples there is no preposition in the source
text.</p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Joey</p></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Apr 11, 2021 at 8:26 PM David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
  

    
  
  <div>
    <p>
    </p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,<br>
      </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
      </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I'm interested in
        exploring the properties and geographical distribution of a
        novel (well, to me
        at least) construction type which might be termed "Elided
        Intensification'.<span>  </span>I'll
        explain with an
        example.<span>  </span>In Papuan
        Malay, property-denoting and some other words
        may be intensified by the addition of <i>sampe</i>, a word
        whose other, more
        basic functions, include 'arrive' and 'until', e.g.</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(1) <span>      </span>Enak
        sampe</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span>            </span>nice
        SAMPE</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span>            </span>'Very
        nice.'</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">My informal
        "interpretation" of this construction is that it involves, or at
        least originated in, some kind of understood expression such as
        "nice arriving
        (at complete fulfillment)", or "nice until (completion)".<span>  </span>As Papuan Malay is largely
        head-initial, it
        kind of feels like something is missing after the word <i>sampe</i>.<span>  </span>(In Malay/Indonesian, this
        construction seems
        to be restricted geographically to the north coast of New Guinea
        and possibly
        also Northern Maluku; elsewhere it is absent.)</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">So far, I am familiar
        with two other potential cases of Elided Intensification.<span>  </span>The first is from Ambel, an
        Austronesian
        language spoken in the Raja Ampat archipelago of the northwest
        coast of New
        Guinea, in a region where Papuan Malay is also spoken.<span>  </span>As described by Arnold
        (2018:145, pers comm),
        <i>aya</i> 'until' is used in a construction closely resembling
        that in (1):</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span>(2)
        <span>      </span>Anlómo aya </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>            </span>bleed.3SG.INAN AYA
      </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>            </span>‘It bled a lot.’</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27pt;text-align:justify"><span>Arnold,
        Laura. 2018.<span>  </span><i>A Grammar of Ambel, An Austronesian Language of West
          New Guinea</i>.
        PhD Dissertation.<span>  </span>Edinburgh:
        University
        of Edinburgh.</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The second example,
        which I just came across, and which prompted this query, is
        Australian English.<span>  </span>In
        the Wikipedia entry for Australian
        English, in a paragraph which deals with the infensification of
        adjectives, the
        following rather tantalizing passage occurs:</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span>"In
        informal
        speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as
        "sweet as"
        (as in "That car is sweet as.")."</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span>So
        here it's comparative 'as' rather than 'arrive'/'until' that
        comes after the word being intensified, but still, all these
        cases seem to
        involve intensification with the elision of some kind of
        argument associated
        with the property word and denoting an extreme extent of the
        property in
        question.</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">My questions:</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span>  </span>Could
        speakers of Australian English please
        confirm the existence of this construction, and comment on it.<span>  </span>Does it occur in other
        varieties of English?<span>  </span>(It
        was certainly completely new to me!)</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span>  </span>Is
        anybody familiar with possible cases of
        Elided Intensification in other languages, in Australia, New
        Guinea or
        elsewhere?<span>  </span>On the flimsy
        basis of three
        examples, it looks like an Australian / New Guinea areal
        feature: is this the
        case?<span>  </span>For the Australia
        / New Guinea
        region I'd also appreciate negative data, of the form "no, my
        language
        definitely doesn't do this".</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span>  </span>Any
        further comments and suggestions ...</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks,</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">David</span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
    <p>
      </p>
    <pre cols="72">-- 
David Gil
 
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
 
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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