<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hi David,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Something similar happens with the preposition <i>jusqu’à </i>at
the end of a sentence for at least some African French speakers. The examples I
have are of French translations done by Barayin speakers in Chad, but I have a faint
recollection of this also being common in Cameroonian French. When spoken there
would often be a rising intensity and possibly an elongated final vowel. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kalas</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">killa</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">na</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">abb-e-ti</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">tak</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">kol-e</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">that's.all(A)</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2SG.M</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BG</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">follow-PRF-OBJ.3SG.F</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDEO</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">go-PRF</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chadian translator: et puis tu l'as suivi jusqu'a</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My interpretation: You follow her until she's gone</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ti</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">sule</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ŋ</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">n̰eet-o</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">n̰eet-o</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">na</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">damman</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">damman</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">de</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">kee</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SBJ.3SG.F</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PROG</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PREP</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">advance-INF</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">advance-INF</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BG</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">until</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">until</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">REL.SG.F</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DUR(Ar)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small">Chadian translator: </span>en train d'établir un peu sa santé jusqu'a</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">My interpretation: It [the cow’s health] is getting better
and better</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Note that in these examples there is no preposition in the source
text.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Joey</p></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Apr 11, 2021 at 8:26 PM David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I'm interested in
exploring the properties and geographical distribution of a
novel (well, to me
at least) construction type which might be termed "Elided
Intensification'.<span> </span>I'll
explain with an
example.<span> </span>In Papuan
Malay, property-denoting and some other words
may be intensified by the addition of <i>sampe</i>, a word
whose other, more
basic functions, include 'arrive' and 'until', e.g.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(1) <span> </span>Enak
sampe</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>nice
SAMPE</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>'Very
nice.'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">My informal
"interpretation" of this construction is that it involves, or at
least originated in, some kind of understood expression such as
"nice arriving
(at complete fulfillment)", or "nice until (completion)".<span> </span>As Papuan Malay is largely
head-initial, it
kind of feels like something is missing after the word <i>sampe</i>.<span> </span>(In Malay/Indonesian, this
construction seems
to be restricted geographically to the north coast of New Guinea
and possibly
also Northern Maluku; elsewhere it is absent.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">So far, I am familiar
with two other potential cases of Elided Intensification.<span> </span>The first is from Ambel, an
Austronesian
language spoken in the Raja Ampat archipelago of the northwest
coast of New
Guinea, in a region where Papuan Malay is also spoken.<span> </span>As described by Arnold
(2018:145, pers comm),
<i>aya</i> 'until' is used in a construction closely resembling
that in (1):</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>(2)
<span> </span>Anlómo aya </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>bleed.3SG.INAN AYA
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>‘It bled a lot.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27pt;text-align:justify"><span>Arnold,
Laura. 2018.<span> </span><i>A Grammar of Ambel, An Austronesian Language of West
New Guinea</i>.
PhD Dissertation.<span> </span>Edinburgh:
University
of Edinburgh.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The second example,
which I just came across, and which prompted this query, is
Australian English.<span> </span>In
the Wikipedia entry for Australian
English, in a paragraph which deals with the infensification of
adjectives, the
following rather tantalizing passage occurs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>"In
informal
speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as
"sweet as"
(as in "That car is sweet as.")."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>So
here it's comparative 'as' rather than 'arrive'/'until' that
comes after the word being intensified, but still, all these
cases seem to
involve intensification with the elision of some kind of
argument associated
with the property word and denoting an extreme extent of the
property in
question.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">My questions:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span> </span>Could
speakers of Australian English please
confirm the existence of this construction, and comment on it.<span> </span>Does it occur in other
varieties of English?<span> </span>(It
was certainly completely new to me!)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span> </span>Is
anybody familiar with possible cases of
Elided Intensification in other languages, in Australia, New
Guinea or
elsewhere?<span> </span>On the flimsy
basis of three
examples, it looks like an Australian / New Guinea areal
feature: is this the
case?<span> </span>For the Australia
/ New Guinea
region I'd also appreciate negative data, of the form "no, my
language
definitely doesn't do this".</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span> </span>Any
further comments and suggestions ...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">David</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p>
</p>
<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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