<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><style data-m2k-style="">html,body{height:100%;}body{box-sizing:border-box;padding:8px;margin:0;}</style></head><body><div>There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight them.</div><div><br></div><div>(I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Steven</div><div><br>
-----Original message-----<br>
<b>From:</b>Gilles Authier<gilles.authier@gmail.com><br>
<b>To:</b>Arnold M. Zwicky<zwicky@stanford.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b>Linguistic Linguistic Typology<lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b> Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
</div><div dir="ltr">Hi,<div><br><div>A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian: </div><div><br></div><div>- vocative 'case' -o </div><div><br></div><div>- clause final quotative =o</div><div><br></div><div>GA</div></div></div><div><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid;">
<div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">
meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
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<div>Begin forwarded message:</div>
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<span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'><b>From:
</b></span><span style='font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'>Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
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<span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'><b>Subject:
</b></span><span style='font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'><b>Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance</b><br>
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<span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'><b>Date:
</b></span><span style='font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'>May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
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<span style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'><b>To:
</b></span><span style='font-family: -webkit-system-font,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;'>Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
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<div><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
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<blockquote style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" type="cite">
On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative,
as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
</blockquote>
<br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Not
just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<span> </span></span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<a style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">(The
distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">From
my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">But
this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be
used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites
(even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">
<span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Arnold</span></div>
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