<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Dear Thomas</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Sorry if anyone else has already said this, but the enclitic you have there is from Tok Pisin and is used to call people at a distance. (Hannah Sarvasy has I believe talked about this somewhere). In the (Papuan) language Chini, there are two vocative enclitics yet =o from tok Pisin is still used quite a lot, exactly like your examples from Heyo. There being no vernacular call-at-distance form, folks often use the =o construction and sometimes it can look like a vocative. But then in the (also Papuan) language Yaw that I've worked on, there is a call-at-distance enclitic already in the vernacular (=no), and the Tok Pisin option is hardly if ever used. Hope this helps!</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Joseph<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 11:59 AM <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to<br>
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Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this<br>
instance (Thomas Diaz)<br>
2. Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this<br>
instance (Arnold M. Zwicky)<br>
3. Re: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this<br>
instance (JOO, Ian [Student])<br>
4. Re: Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in<br>
this instance (Gilles Authier)<br>
5. Re: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this<br>
instance (Vladimir Panov)<br>
6. Re: Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in<br>
this instance (fcosw5)<br>
7. Re: Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in<br>
this instance (Irina Nikolaeva)<br>
8. Re: Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in<br>
this instance (Randy J. LaPolla)<br>
9. Re: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this<br>
instance (Adam James Ross Tallman)<br>
10. Re: Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in<br>
this instance (Françoise Rose)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Mon, 10 May 2021 14:11:03 -0400<br>
From: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in<br>
this instance<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CAAnmQdB57bjRwYUrOSyTMkkeKEBP=<a href="mailto:gYdq3S92gjOPv0F%2BDkQ4g@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">gYdq3S92gjOPv0F+DkQ4g@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a<br>
Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my<br>
dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to<br>
call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a<br>
vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
<br>
However, its distribution is wider than a true vocative insofar as it can<br>
occur at the end of an indicative clause, like the following example (I am<br>
simplifying the glosses for the sake of clarity).<br>
<br>
naraha'aiun wat=o! habu darai=o!<br>
<a href="http://it.strike.me" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">it.strike.me</a> COMPL=VOC FUT run=VOC<br>
'It has struck me! I will run away!'<br>
<br>
The example is made up of two clauses that, if one simply deleted the<br>
"vocative" clitic =o, would be standard indicative clauses. It is clear<br>
that the clitic serves to make the utterance more sonorous, analogous to<br>
the lengthening of stressed syllables when calling out in English. But I am<br>
not certain what would be a term for this form that would not be confusing<br>
to a reader.<br>
<br>
Thank you ahead of time for any input. I can try to provide more<br>
information if something needs clarification.<br>
<br>
Respectfully,<br>
<br>
Thomas S. Diaz (He/Him)<br>
PhD Candidate<br>
Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo (SUNY)<br>
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Message: 2<br>
Date: Mon, 10 May 2021 23:06:25 +0000<br>
From: "Arnold M. Zwicky" <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
To: Linguistic Linguistic Typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocative" in this instance<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:142E5BAD-3788-474D-AE4B-0A91A14DE973@stanford.edu" target="_blank">142E5BAD-3788-474D-AE4B-0A91A14DE973@stanford.edu</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
<br>
Begin forwarded message:<br>
<br>
From: Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
Date: May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
To: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
<br>
Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<br>
<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br>
<br>
(The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)<br>
<br>
>From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`<br>
<br>
But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
<br>
Arnold<br>
<br>
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<br>
Message: 3<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 00:24:59 +0000<br>
From: "JOO, Ian [Student]" <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>><br>
To: "<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative"<br>
in this instance<br>
Message-ID: <8dca7fcd-33b3-4360-a8a7-98908e8a7113@Spark><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Perhaps "sentence-final particle":<br>
<br>
<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence-final_particle" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence-final_particle</a><br>
<br>
>From Hong Kong,<br>
Ian<br>
On 11 May 2021, 2:11 AM +0800, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>, wrote:<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
<br>
However, its distribution is wider than a true vocative insofar as it can occur at the end of an indicative clause, like the following example (I am simplifying the glosses for the sake of clarity).<br>
<br>
naraha'aiun wat=o! habu darai=o!<br>
<a href="http://it.strike.me" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">it.strike.me</a><<a href="http://it.strike.me" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://it.strike.me</a>> COMPL=VOC FUT run=VOC<br>
'It has struck me! I will run away!'<br>
<br>
The example is made up of two clauses that, if one simply deleted the "vocative" clitic =o, would be standard indicative clauses. It is clear that the clitic serves to make the utterance more sonorous, analogous to the lengthening of stressed syllables when calling out in English. But I am not certain what would be a term for this form that would not be confusing to a reader.<br>
<br>
Thank you ahead of time for any input. I can try to provide more information if something needs clarification.<br>
<br>
Respectfully,<br>
<br>
Thomas S. Diaz (He/Him)<br>
PhD Candidate<br>
Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo (SUNY)<br>
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<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 4<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 06:32:45 +0200<br>
From: Gilles Authier <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: "Arnold M. Zwicky" <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
Cc: Linguistic Linguistic Typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocative" in this instance<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CAFcLiNnhfG2e=PtkTD9CKgyri0RHWbSSJ2jEGmiU0K=PQq-i=<a href="mailto:Q@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">Q@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Hi,<br>
<br>
A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian:<br>
<br>
- vocative 'case' -o<br>
<br>
- clause final quotative =o<br>
<br>
GA<br>
<br>
On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
wrote:<br>
<br>
> meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
><br>
> Begin forwarded message:<br>
><br>
> *From: *Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
> *Subject: **Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative"<br>
> in this instance*<br>
> *Date: *May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
> *To: *Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
><br>
> Hello all,<br>
><br>
> I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a<br>
> Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my<br>
> dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to<br>
> call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a<br>
> vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
><br>
> boi=o!<br>
> boy=VOC<br>
> 'hey, boy!'<br>
><br>
> Tawaks=o!<br>
> tawaks=VOC<br>
> 'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
><br>
><br>
> Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative<br>
> function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my<br>
> article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<br>
> <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br>
><br>
> (The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs.<br>
> "term of address".)<br>
><br>
> From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention,<br>
> addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and<br>
> addressee.`<br>
><br>
> But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify,<br>
> characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to<br>
> be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an<br>
> adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or,<br>
> perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related<br>
> function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an<br>
> attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable<br>
> possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related<br>
> only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
><br>
> Arnold<br>
><br>
><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
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<br>
Message: 5<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 10:17:09 +0300<br>
From: Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: "JOO, Ian [Student]" <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>><br>
Cc: "<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative"<br>
in this instance<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CALeR4d50=<a href="mailto:QT7O6xZDh0Exk9O2wxSg1zzKJGW4xpP6Dw8YDo-Hw@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">QT7O6xZDh0Exk9O2wxSg1zzKJGW4xpP6Dw8YDo-Hw@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear Ian,<br>
<br>
There is the term "allocutive". The allocutive is not unlike the vocative,<br>
but it functions on the sentence level rather than the NP level.<br>
The example quoted by you seems to be an example of allocutive, although, a<br>
non-canonical one, because it does not agree with the addressee in gender<br>
as in Basque, for which this label was originally coined.<br>
The term "sentence-final particle" refers to morphosyntactic rather than<br>
semantic/functional properties, although it is used in very different<br>
senses in the literature. So, your example may be viewed as an example of<br>
allocutive sentence-final particle.<br>
Here is a very nice paper on the allocutive: Antonov, Anton. 2015. Verbal<br>
allocutivity in a crosslinguistic perspective. *Linguistic Typology* 19(1).<br>
55–85.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Vladimir<br>
<br>
<br>
вт, 11 мая 2021 г. в 03:25, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>:<br>
<br>
> Perhaps "sentence-final particle":<br>
><br>
> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence-final_particle" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence-final_particle</a><br>
><br>
> From Hong Kong,<br>
> Ian<br>
> On 11 May 2021, 2:11 AM +0800, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>, wrote:<br>
><br>
> Hello all,<br>
><br>
> I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a<br>
> Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my<br>
> dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to<br>
> call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a<br>
> vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
><br>
> boi=o!<br>
> boy=VOC<br>
> 'hey, boy!'<br>
><br>
> Tawaks=o!<br>
> tawaks=VOC<br>
> 'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
><br>
> However, its distribution is wider than a true vocative insofar as it can<br>
> occur at the end of an indicative clause, like the following example (I am<br>
> simplifying the glosses for the sake of clarity).<br>
><br>
> naraha'aiun wat=o! habu darai=o!<br>
> <a href="http://it.strike.me" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">it.strike.me</a> COMPL=VOC FUT run=VOC<br>
> 'It has struck me! I will run away!'<br>
><br>
> The example is made up of two clauses that, if one simply deleted the<br>
> "vocative" clitic =o, would be standard indicative clauses. It is clear<br>
> that the clitic serves to make the utterance more sonorous, analogous to<br>
> the lengthening of stressed syllables when calling out in English. But I am<br>
> not certain what would be a term for this form that would not be confusing<br>
> to a reader.<br>
><br>
> Thank you ahead of time for any input. I can try to provide more<br>
> information if something needs clarification.<br>
><br>
> Respectfully,<br>
><br>
> Thomas S. Diaz (He/Him)<br>
> PhD Candidate<br>
> Department of Linguistics<br>
> University at Buffalo (SUNY)<br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
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Message: 6<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 15:51:57 +0800 (CST)<br>
From: "fcosw5" <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>><br>
To: "Gilles Authier" <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc: "Linguistic Linguistic Typology"<br>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>, "Arnold M. Zwicky"<br>
<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocativ e" in this instance<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:1620719517.223010.fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">1620719517.223010.fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight them.<br>
<br>
(I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Steven<br>
<br>
-----Original message-----<br>
From:Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
To:Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
Cc:Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
Hi,<br>
<br>
<br>
A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian: <br>
<br>
- vocative 'case' -o <br>
<br>
- clause final quotative =o<br>
<br>
GA<br>
<br>
On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Begin forwarded message:<br>
<br>
<br>
From: Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
Date: May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
To: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a> (The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".) From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.` But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out. Arnold<br>
<br>
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Message: 7<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 09:22:25 +0100<br>
From: Irina Nikolaeva <<a href="mailto:in3@soas.ac.uk" target="_blank">in3@soas.ac.uk</a>><br>
To: fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>><br>
Cc: Gilles Authier <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>>, Linguistic Linguistic<br>
Typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocativ e" in this instance<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CAEB-vJ_etz_v1vaC2cURPp5TAjQRhaT7QFwk=<a href="mailto:GhRW1QL%2Bifh6Q@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">GhRW1QL+ifh6Q@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Vocatives are encoded in the same way as exclamatives ( > possibly also<br>
miratives/evidentials etc.) in some languages. So I would term this<br>
'exclamative'.<br>
<br>
Irina Nikolaeva<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On Tue, 11 May 2021 at 08:52, fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
> There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin<br>
> Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to<br>
> various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's<br>
> right!') -- apparently to highlight them.<br>
><br>
> (I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's<br>
> speech than in men's.)<br>
><br>
> Best,<br>
> Steven<br>
><br>
> -----Original message-----<br>
> *From:*Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
> *To:*Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
> *Cc:*Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
> *Date: * Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
> *Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
> "vocative" in this instance<br>
> Hi,<br>
><br>
> A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian:<br>
><br>
> - vocative 'case' -o<br>
><br>
> - clause final quotative =o<br>
><br>
> GA<br>
><br>
> On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
> wrote:<br>
><br>
>> meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
>><br>
>> Begin forwarded message:<br>
>><br>
>> *From: *Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
>> *Subject: **Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
>> "vocative" in this instance*<br>
>> *Date: *May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
>> *To: *Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
>><br>
>> Hello all,<br>
>><br>
>> I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a<br>
>> Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my<br>
>> dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to<br>
>> call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a<br>
>> vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
>><br>
>> boi=o!<br>
>> boy=VOC<br>
>> 'hey, boy!'<br>
>><br>
>> Tawaks=o!<br>
>> tawaks=VOC<br>
>> 'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative<br>
>> function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my<br>
>> article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<br>
>> <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br>
>><br>
>> (The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs.<br>
>> "term of address".)<br>
>><br>
>> From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's<br>
>> attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker<br>
>> and addressee.`<br>
>><br>
>> But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify,<br>
>> characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to<br>
>> be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an<br>
>> adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or,<br>
>> perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related<br>
>> function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an<br>
>> attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable<br>
>> possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related<br>
>> only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
>><br>
>> Arnold<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> _______________________________________________<br>
>> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
>> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
>> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
>><br>
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<br>
Message: 8<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 16:49:05 +0800<br>
From: "Randy J. LaPolla" <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" target="_blank">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>>, "<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocativ e" in this instance<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:8DECE218-B837-4D8F-90CD-ADE8C89B9E50@gmail.com" target="_blank">8DECE218-B837-4D8F-90CD-ADE8C89B9E50@gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Hi All,<br>
Stephen is correct that there is a particle, or whatever you want to call it, ʔa in spoken Mandarin (and to some extent in other Sinitic varieties) that is used for both vocative and utterance-final emphatic uses. It is not generally talked about as a grammatical marker like a vocative case, but just an optional pragmatic marker for emphasis. It can appear within the utterance intonation unit or in the case of making sure someone is paying attention and has registered what you just said, particularly when giving advice or an order, it can appear stressed and in an intonation unit by itself.<br>
<br>
Sorry I don’t have natural examples to hand. A proper study should be done of the conditions for its use.<br>
<br>
Randy<br>
-----<br>
Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA （羅仁地）<br>
Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities <br>
Nanyang Technological University<br>
HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue | Singapore 639818<br>
<a href="http://randylapolla.info/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://randylapolla.info/</a> <<a href="http://randylapolla.info/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://randylapolla.info/</a>><br>
(<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a> <<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a>>)<br>
Most recent books:<br>
The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd Edition (2017)<br>
<a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a> <<a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a>><br>
Sino-Tibetan Linguistics (2018)<br>
<a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a> <<a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
> On 11 May 2021, at 3:51 PM, fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>> wrote:<br>
> <br>
> There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight them.<br>
> <br>
> (I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)<br>
> <br>
> Best,<br>
> Steven<br>
> <br>
> -----Original message-----<br>
> From:Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>>><br>
> To:Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>><br>
> Cc:Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br>
> Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
> Hi,<br>
> <br>
> A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian: <br>
> <br>
> - vocative 'case' -o <br>
> <br>
> - clause final quotative =o<br>
> <br>
> GA<br>
> <br>
> On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
> meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
> <br>
>> Begin forwarded message:<br>
>> <br>
>> From: Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>><br>
>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
>> Date: May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
>> To: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>><br>
>> <br>
>> <br>
>> <br>
>>> On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Hello all,<br>
>>> <br>
>>> I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
>>> <br>
>>> boi=o!<br>
>>> boy=VOC<br>
>>> 'hey, boy!'<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Tawaks=o!<br>
>>> tawaks=VOC<br>
>>> 'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
>> <br>
>> Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in <br>
>> <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a> <<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a>><br>
>> <br>
>> (The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)<br>
>> <br>
>> From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`<br>
>> <br>
>> But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
>> <br>
>> Arnold<br>
> <br>
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Message: 9<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 11:19:23 +0200<br>
From: Adam James Ross Tallman <<a href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu" target="_blank">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</a>><br>
To: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>,<br>
"<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative"<br>
in this instance<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:CAK0T6OhA-GZYKLM52Sv4Y59wC2ufxpCm-iNA3041NGeA7Dd2gg@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">CAK0T6OhA-GZYKLM52Sv4Y59wC2ufxpCm-iNA3041NGeA7Dd2gg@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
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<br>
Hey Thomas,<br>
<br>
This reminds me of something I overlooked describing in my diss. on<br>
Chacobo. The imperative =wɨ́ can appear on plurals as a type of greeting or<br>
call to attention in meetings.<br>
<br>
tʃani=wɨ́<br>
speak=imper/voc<br>
Speak!<br>
<br>
honi=ba=wɨ́<br>
man=PL=imper/voc<br>
Gentlemen!<br>
<br>
But, why is it important to have a unified gloss though? In Chacobo<br>
ergative and genitive marking is formally the same - and maybe even<br>
semantically depending on your theory of semantics. Why not just think of<br>
prototype agent marking as the predicate version of prototype possessor<br>
marking? and provide these with some unified gloss... This has always<br>
occurred to me, but I never thought of it as important to provide some<br>
overarching gloss. Since glossing is just expositional anyways, can't you<br>
just give them separate glosses and then explain their semantic and<br>
distributional affinities in the grammar (and that *perhaps* they could be<br>
treated as one morpheme)? Or is there some interesting theoretical point<br>
that I am missing?<br>
<br>
best,<br>
<br>
Adam<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 8:11 PM Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
> Hello all,<br>
><br>
> I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a<br>
> Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my<br>
> dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to<br>
> call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a<br>
> vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
><br>
> boi=o!<br>
> boy=VOC<br>
> 'hey, boy!'<br>
><br>
> Tawaks=o!<br>
> tawaks=VOC<br>
> 'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
><br>
> However, its distribution is wider than a true vocative insofar as it can<br>
> occur at the end of an indicative clause, like the following example (I am<br>
> simplifying the glosses for the sake of clarity).<br>
><br>
> naraha'aiun wat=o! habu darai=o!<br>
> <a href="http://it.strike.me" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">it.strike.me</a> COMPL=VOC FUT run=VOC<br>
> 'It has struck me! I will run away!'<br>
><br>
> The example is made up of two clauses that, if one simply deleted the<br>
> "vocative" clitic =o, would be standard indicative clauses. It is clear<br>
> that the clitic serves to make the utterance more sonorous, analogous to<br>
> the lengthening of stressed syllables when calling out in English. But I am<br>
> not certain what would be a term for this form that would not be confusing<br>
> to a reader.<br>
><br>
> Thank you ahead of time for any input. I can try to provide more<br>
> information if something needs clarification.<br>
><br>
> Respectfully,<br>
><br>
> Thomas S. Diaz (He/Him)<br>
> PhD Candidate<br>
> Department of Linguistics<br>
> University at Buffalo (SUNY)<br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
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><br>
<br>
<br>
-- <br>
Adam J.R. Tallman<br>
Post-doctoral Researcher<br>
Friedrich Schiller Universität<br>
Department of English Studies<br>
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Message: 10<br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 14:57:23 +0000<br>
From: Françoise Rose <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr" target="_blank">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>><br>
To: fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" target="_blank">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>>, Gilles Authier<br>
<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>>, Linguistic Linguistic Typology<br>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term<br>
"vocativ e" in this instance<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:89cd4bae9f07476d864ef40ce4093e4f@univ-lyon2.fr" target="_blank">89cd4bae9f07476d864ef40ce4093e4f@univ-lyon2.fr</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear all,<br>
in my database on categorical genderlects, there is indeed a number of languages where men and women used different forms for the type of morphemes that have been called in this thread vocatives and sentence-final particles used to emphasize the contact between speaker and addressee (just to repeat Arnold Zwicky’s formulation), or morphemes that do the two jobs. In more general terms, gender indexicality is often found in items encoding various type of (inter)subjectivity.<br>
I very much welcome data on gender indexicality in this domain (as well as in any other linguistic domain!).<br>
Best,<br>
Françoise<br>
<br>
PS. For those interested, a questionnaire on gender indexicality can be found online (<a href="http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/en/node/136" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/en/node/136</a>) in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese.<br>
<br>
<br>
De : Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> De la part de fcosw5<br>
Envoyé : mardi 11 mai 2021 09:52<br>
À : Gilles Authier <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc : Linguistic Linguistic Typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Objet : Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in this instance<br>
<br>
There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight them.<br>
<br>
(I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Steven<br>
<br>
-----Original message-----<br>
From:Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>>><br>
To:Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>><br>
Cc:Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br>
Date: Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
Hi,<br>
<br>
A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian:<br>
<br>
- vocative 'case' -o<br>
<br>
- clause final quotative =o<br>
<br>
GA<br>
<br>
On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br>
<br>
<br>
Begin forwarded message:<br>
<br>
From: Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br>
Date: May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br>
To: Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<br>
<br>
Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<br>
<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br>
<br>
(The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)<br>
<br>
>From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`<br>
<br>
But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
<br>
Arnold<br>
<br>
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