<div dir="ltr">Hello all,<div><br></div><div>First, thank you for all of your helpful comments and interest. I realize that I probably under-described the phenomenon for fear of creating an overly-long email and/or focusing on the aspects that the group may have found irrelevant. I apologize ahead of time if I happen to do either of those two things now.</div><div><br></div><div>Given the discussion, I believe that the clitic <i>=o</i> should be glossed as either 'addressive' or 'exclamative'. I will provide a slightly fuller picture of the language for any that may be interested.</div><div><br></div><div>There are two broad categories of clitics in Heyo: (i) subject pronominal clitics, and (ii) phrase-final clitics. The subject pronominal clitics are irrelevant to the discussion, so I won't talk about them any further. The phrase-final clitics, as their name implies, occur at the end of whatever phrase is relevant to their particular function. Within the phrase-final clitics is the category of utterance-final clitics, of which the addressive clitic <i>=o</i> is one.</div><div><br></div><div>Turning to phrase-final clitics in general, there are (formally speaking) four different ones: <i>=i, =e, =o, </i>and <i>=u</i>. Somewhat interestingly, these represent four of the five vowel phonemes of Heyo, with there being no clitic *<i>=a</i>. I provide a basic description of each of their functions below. If the clitic in that function obligatorily occurs in utterance-final position (i.e. is an utterance-final clitic), it appears in bold.</div><div><br></div><div><i>=i </i>-- (i) topic marker, (ii) attaches to 'when'/'if' subordinate clauses, <b>(iii) indicates scope of negation in certain clausal negation constructions</b>, and <b>(iv) indicates polar questions</b></div><div><i>=e</i> -- (i) contrastive topic marker, (ii) copula clitic attaching to third person subjects (Heyo is SOV), (iii) attaches to verbs of speaking to indicate following quoted speech, and <b>(iv) indicates positive imperatives</b></div><div><i>=o </i>-- <b>(i) the addressive form we're discussing</b></div><div><i>=u</i> -- <b>(i) indicates content questions</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>In looking at those functions that occur in bold, each utterance-final form indicates an illocutionary function. In my description I separate out many of the functions in terms of where they are discussed in the grammar as well as how I gloss them, despite many of them having the same form. I do believe many, if not all, of the formally-identical clitics can be unified into broader, more abstract grammatical categories. But I distinguish many of them for purely descriptive reasons.</div><div><br></div><div>As some people were interested in the phonetic form of the addressive clitic <i>=o</i>, I have attached a quickly-made spectrogram below along with the pitch contour. In all instances of the clitic that I have seen, the vowel is lengthened compared to other vowels in the utterance, and the pitch contour is the same. In this particular instance of <i>boi=o</i> `hey boy!' I measured the [oi] as being 166ms and the [o] as 222ms. This seems like a significant distinction in time, but I am not particularly well-versed in phonetic studies, I am afraid to admit.</div><div><br></div><div>There are other potentially interesting aspects of the addressive clitic, such as how it has become somewhat morphologized with certain pronominal stems. But I do not want to make this email overly-long. I am happy to discuss things further if there is interest or some point needs to be clarified. Once again, I thank you all for your comments, and I hope this email finds you well.</div><div><br></div><div>Respectfully,</div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Thomas S. Diaz (He/Him)<div>PhD Candidate</div><div>Department of Linguistics</div><div>University at Buffalo (SUNY)</div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 10:57 AM Françoise Rose <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">in my database on categorical genderlects, there is indeed a number of languages where men and women used different forms
for the type of morphemes that have been called in this thread vocatives and sentence-final particles used to emphasize the contact between speaker and addressee (just to repeat Arnold Zwicky’s formulation), or morphemes that do the two jobs. In more general
terms, gender indexicality is often found in items encoding various type of (inter)subjectivity.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">I very much welcome data on gender indexicality in this domain (as well as in any other linguistic domain!).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Françoise<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">PS. For those interested, a questionnaire on gender indexicality can be found online (<a href="http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/en/node/136" target="_blank">http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/en/node/136</a>)
in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">De :</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>De la part de</b> fcosw5<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> mardi 11 mai 2021 09:52<br>
<b>À :</b> Gilles Authier <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc :</b> Linguistic Linguistic Typology <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocativ e" in this instance<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight
them.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">(I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Steven<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
-----Original message-----<br>
<b>From:</b>Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" target="_blank">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>To:</b>Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b>Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi,<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian: <u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">- vocative 'case' -o <u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">- clause final quotative =o<u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">GA<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Begin forwarded message:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>></span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black">Subject:
</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance</span></b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black">Date:
</span></b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black">To:
</span></b><span style="font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>></span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
<br style="font-variant-caps:normal;word-spacing:0px">
<br>
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Hello all,<br>
<br>
I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative,
as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br>
<br>
boi=o!<br>
boy=VOC<br>
'hey, boy!'<br>
<br>
Tawaks=o!<br>
tawaks=VOC<br>
'hey, Tawaks!'<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in <br>
</span><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
(The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)<br>
<br>
>From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`<br>
<br>
But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can
be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites
(even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.<br>
<br>
Arnold</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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