<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi All,<div class="">Stephen is correct that there is a particle, or whatever you want to call it, <i class="">ʔa</i> in spoken Mandarin (and to some extent in other Sinitic varieties) that is used for both vocative and utterance-final emphatic uses. It is not generally talked about as a grammatical marker like a vocative case, but just an optional pragmatic marker for emphasis. It can appear within the utterance intonation unit or in the case of making sure someone is paying attention and has registered what you just said, particularly when giving advice or an order, it can appear stressed and in an intonation unit by itself.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Sorry I don’t have natural examples to hand. A proper study should be done of the conditions for its use.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Randy<br class=""><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">-----</span></span><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class=""><b class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" class=""><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">）</span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">| </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Singapore 639818</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.info/" class="">http://randylapolla.info/</a></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class="">(<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" class="">personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a>)</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Most recent books:</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><i class="">The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd Edition (</i>2017)</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" class="">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><i class="">Sino-Tibetan Linguistics </i>(2018)</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span class="" style="background-color: white;"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" class="" style="color: rgb(149, 79, 114);">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a></font></span></div></div></div></span></span></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 11 May 2021, at 3:51 PM, fcosw5 <<a href="mailto:fcosw5@scu.edu.tw" class="">fcosw5@scu.edu.tw</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">There seems to be a somewhat similar element in at least Mandarin Chinese. I've noticed that the suffix (?) -a tends to be attached to various words -- not only nouns, but e.g. adverbs (`dui-a' = `that's right!') -- apparently to highlight them.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">(I have sometimes wondered if this usage is more prevalent in women's speech than in men's.)</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Best,</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Steven</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class="">-----Original message-----<br class=""><b class="">From:</b>Gilles Authier<<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com" class="">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>><br class=""><b class="">To:</b>Arnold M. Zwicky<<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" class="">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b>Linguistic Linguistic Typology<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Tue, 11 May 2021 12:32:45<br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Fwd: Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance<br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Hi,<div class=""><br class=""><div class="">A similarly ambiguous morph is found in Georgian: </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">- vocative 'case' -o </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">- clause final quotative =o</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">GA</div></div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_quote" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 1:06 AM Arnold M. Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" class="">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid;"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">meant to go to the list, not just to Thomas Diaz:<br class=""><div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Begin forwarded message:</div><br class=""><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">Arnold Zwicky <<a href="mailto:zwicky@stanford.edu" target="_blank" class="">zwicky@stanford.edu</a>><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Subject:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Re: [Lingtyp] Uncertainty over the use of the term "vocative" in this instance</b><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">May 10, 2021 at 1:30:25 PM PDT<br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">To:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank" class="">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>><br class=""></span></div><br class=""><div class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><blockquote type="cite" style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">On May 10, 2021, at 11:11 AM, Thomas Diaz <<a href="mailto:tsdiaz@buffalo.edu" target="_blank" class="">tsdiaz@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br class=""><br class="">Hello all,<br class=""><br class="">I am writing a grammatical description of a language called Heyo, a Torricelli language spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea, for my dissertation. I have come across a clitic =o that I am not sure what to call. I am currently calling/glossing it as a vocative, as it can serve a vocative function as in the two following examples.<br class=""><br class="">boi=o!<br class="">boy=VOC<br class="">'hey, boy!'<br class=""><br class="">Tawaks=o!<br class="">tawaks=VOC<br class="">'hey, Tawaks!'<br class=""></blockquote><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">Not just a vocative function, but one of the two types of vocative function: it's a call, rather than an address. These are the terms from my article "Hey, Whatsyourname!" in CLS 10 (1974), available on-line in<span class=""> </span></span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf" target="_blank" style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf</a><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">(The distinction is made by Schegloff 1968, under the names "summons" vs. "term of address".)</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">From my 1974 paper: Calls are designed to catch the addressee's attention, addresses to maintain or emphasze the contact between speaker and addressee.`</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">But this doesn't speak to your larger problem, namely how to classify, characterize the meaning/function of, and name the clitic =o! You seem to be assuming that it is (basically, in some sense of "basically") an adnominal clitic with call function, but can be used attached to verbs (or, perhaps, attached sentence-finally, or clause-finally) with some related function. But maybe it should be treated as a sentence-final clitic with an attention-getting function ('listen to this!'). Or other imaginable possibilites (even that there are two homophonous clitics here, related only historically). All that's for you to work out.</span><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><br style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class=""><span style="text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline; white-space: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;" class="">Arnold</span></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></blockquote></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="new_win" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""><br class=""></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>