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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Isn<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span>t this another case of <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>either/or<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> being an oversimplification? In the sentences <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>I moved to London<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> and <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>He committed suicide<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> the subject is both actor and undergoer. With the verb <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>run<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> is the actor not affected? I suggest that in many, if not most or all, cases there are elements of both but to varying degrees. In a language like Menya (Papuan) that treats the single argument of <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>run<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> and <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>die<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> the same but that of <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>be sick<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> and <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>like<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> differently, is there not a recognition of a degree of <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>doing something<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> that is present in the one who dies but not in the one who is sick? The single argument of verbs like <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>commit suicide<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> and <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>move<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> (and perhaps even <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>run<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span>) there is a high degree of both actorhood and undergoerhood whereas for the single argument of <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>die<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> there is a low degree of actorhood but high of undergoerhood, but nevertheless still a degree of each which languages will code differently.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Carl<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Christian Lehmann<br><b>Sent:</b> May 12, 2021 5:25 AM<br><b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] terminological question about intransitive verbs<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The only or direct actant of an intransitive verb may be its actor (<i>run</i>) or its undergoer (<i>die</i>). This may be taken to be a feature of the verb's valency. There are then two valency classes of intransitive verbs. I know of the following terms for these:<br><br>active - inactive (Klimov)<br>agentive - non-agentive<br>unergative - unaccusative (Perlmutter)<br><br>All of these pairs have terminological or conceptual problems (which I can name if desired). I have therefore been looking for better terms. I had called them<br>actor-oriented - undergoer-oriented.<br>However, I need the term 'oriented' in verbal grammar in a different sense, so I have to replace these. Currently, I call them<br>actor-holding - undergoer-holding<br>Not particularly elegant, are they?<br><br>Are there good terms on the linguistic market (of the past two centuries) for what is meant by the above? Or failing this, brilliant neologisms?<br><br>Grateful for suggestions,<br>Christian<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>-- <o:p></o:p></p><p><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>Rudolfstr. 4<br>99092 Erfurt<br><span style='font-variant:small-caps'>Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>