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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=IT link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear Martin and all,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>just a short comment on your poll (taking the plea for common terminology seriously but agreeing with many people who suggested rather a restricted usage of “anaphoric”).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>What about summing up responses A and B and conclude that phoric and endophoric better represent linguists’ usages? On the one hand, they both avoid the ambiguity of “anaphoric” being used as a cover term and also as the term for backward-looking coreference, and on the other hand they avoid the awkwardness (as pointed out by Christian Lehmann) of the coinage “epanaphoric”, which includes ana- and about which you have no reactions in your poll (and you also have no direct reactions in the poll regarding the use of anaphoric <u>only</u> as a cover term, although you have them in the responses in this list). I am also wondering what is the value of the prefix ep- in “epanaphoric” (given that ana- from </span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Greek an</span>á<span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> in</span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> anaphoric still contrasts </span><span class=jlqj4b>with cata- from Greek kat</span>á<span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>)</span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> and whether ep- (or epana-) is used in a similar way in other modern metalinguistic or scientific terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>All the Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Elisa <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b>Da:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>Per conto di </b>Martin Haspelmath<br><b>Inviato:</b> giovedì 3 giugno 2021 11.49<br><b>A:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Oggetto:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Term for “non-pronominal anaphora"<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Thanks to Randy LaPolla, Volker Gast and Christian Lehmann for pointing to Halliday & Hasan's term "endophoric"!<br><br>Unfortunately, this term has not caught on in general, and in practice, the term "anaphoric" is widely used as a cover term for "cataphoric" and "epanaphoric" (e.g. in Huang's 2000 overview book "Anaphora"). I did a Twitter poll which confimed my hunch:<br><br><span class=css-901oao>"What's the best cover term for "anaphoric" (backward-looking) and "cataphoric" (forward-looking)?</span><br><br><span class=css-901oao>(A) phoric (35%)</span><br><span class=css-901oao>(B) endophoric (22%)</span><br><span class=css-901oao>(C) anaphoric (taken broadly) (43%)"</span><br><br>(See <a href="https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1400034485941460994">https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1400034485941460994</a>)<br><br>Thus, "endophoric" is preferred only by a minority, and most people think that "anaphoric" can be used as a cover term for both – hence it seems best to use a new term ("epanaphoric") for the complement of "cataphoric".<br><br>Best,<br>Martin<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Am 01.06.21 um 20:31 schrieb Volker Gast:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p>Hi Martin,<br>I'm not sure if we need a standardization committee here. Our students grow up with the terminology established by M.A.K Halliday, who distinguishes between 'endophoric' and 'exophoric' reference. 'Endophoric' reference can be 'anaphoric' or 'cataphoric'. I'm not aware of the use of 'anaphoric' as 'forward-looking' (as this would be 'cataphoric' imho). And I agree with everyone who thinks that anaphor(a) do(es) not have to imply pronouns (that would be a matter of 'substitution', in Halliday's terms). What's wrong with the taxonomy <o:p></o:p></p><p>exophoric vs. (endophoric (anaphoric vs. cataphoric ))<o:p></o:p></p><p>? <o:p></o:p></p><p>(And wouldn't 'ep(i)-ana-phoric' be redundant in this context? Isn't 'anaphoric' originally '[carry] up[stream]', hence 'backward'?)<o:p></o:p></p><p>Best,<br>Volker<o:p></o:p></p><p><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 31/05/2021 10:56, Martin Haspelmath wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>Paolo's mention of the term pair "anaphora/cataphora" brings up a frequent issue in terminology: When a new and relatively short term (like "cataphora") is coined to refer to a special case, then it is not clear whether the old term (here "anaphora") refers to the general case or to the complement of the special case.<br><br>Unfortunately, "anaphora" has thus become ambiguous: (i) it refers to backward-looking and forward-looking discourse reference relations; (ii) it refers only to backward-looking relations.<br><br>It would be good to have a standardization committee that resolves this problem, because it seems that the discipline will otherwise be stuck with ambiguity of a key term. (Personally, I would prefer to use "anaphora" in the general sense, and to have a new term, e.g. "epanaphora", for backward-looking relations; cf. Greek <span class=jlqj4b><span lang=EL>κάτω 'down', επάνω 'up'. But this would be for a committee to decide.)</span></span><span lang=EL><br><br><span class=jlqj4b>Best,</span><br><span class=jlqj4b>Martin</span><br><br></span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Am 30.05.21 um 19:37 schrieb paolo Ramat:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>I agree with Bill: "anaphora" does not refer only to "pronouns" or "pro-forms". In a sentence such as <i>The jury found him guilty and the verdict shocked him deeply</i> 'the verdict' refers anaphorically (= looking backwards) to what has been said in the first coordinated sentence. On the contrary, <i>The verdict of the jury was: he is guilty </i>. 'the verdict' is in cataphoric (=looking forwards) position. <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>I think that if we consider anaphora and cataphora together, we can get a better understanding of both.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Paolo<br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div id="m_6276747821525630817m_2116705858491049862DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=55 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:13.5pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=46 height=29 style='width:.4791in;height:.302in' id="_x0000_i1030" src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=470 style='width:352.5pt;border:none;padding:12.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:13.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E'>Mail priva di virus. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank"><span style='color:#4453EA'>www.avast.com</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Il giorno dom 30 mag 2021 alle ore 15:48 William Croft <<a href="mailto:wcroft@unm.edu" target="_blank">wcroft@unm.edu</a>> ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> I find the definition of "anaphora" implied in Ian's post to presuppose a theory of anaphora that not everyone, certainly not myself, agrees with. Namely, that anaphora only happens across sentences, and/or the only strategy for anaphora are "pronouns" or "pro-forms". Both of these assumptions have been debated, and there are different theories; see Croft (2013) and references cited therein. I think "anaphora" as a comparative concept should be defined more broadly -- as I think it generally is -- to accommodate different theories about the possible form of anaphoric expressions, and their possible distribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Bill<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Croft, William. 2013. “Agreement as anaphora, anaphora as coreference.” <i>Languages across boundaries: studies in memory of Anna Siewierska</i>, ed. Dik Bakker and Martin Haspelmath, 107-29. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></div><div id="m_6276747821525630817gmail-m_2116705858491049862gmail-m_1961800351975216780divRplyFwdMsg"><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='color:black'> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>><br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, May 30, 2021 1:54 AM<br><b>To:</b> LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Term for “non-pronominal anaphora"</span> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:9.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:12.0pt;background:#FF6666'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:white'> [EXTERNAL]</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><div><div name="x_messageBodySection"><div><p class=MsoNormal>Dear all,<br><br>thank you for your guidance.<br>I think the closest form is “lexical/nominal anaphora” but given the examples I’ve read so far, it seems that they are different from the lexical repetition within a clause.<br>For example, in the following sentence, “the guy” refers to John, but it’s not in the same clause as “John”:<br>“I know John_i. The guy_i has a dog.”<br>But in the following Korean, the two occurences of “John” are within the same clause:<br>“John_i-kwa John_i-uy kay" (lit. John_i and John_i’s dog)<br>So I think the the within-clause repetition and cross-clause repetition must be distinguished.<br>Also I agree with Martin’s initial suggestion that this Korean case shouldn’t be termed as “anaphora” because it really isn’t anaphoric reference. It’s just the repeated occurrence of the same lexeme where you would expect anaphora in an European language, so to call it anaphora might be a little Euro-centric.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name="x_messageSignatureSection"><p class=MsoNormal><br>From Hong Kong, <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Ian<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name="x_messageReplySection"><p class=MsoNormal>On 27 May 2021, 11:41 PM +0800, Christian Chiarcos <<a href="mailto:christian.chiarcos@web.de" target="_blank">christian.chiarcos@web.de</a>>, wrote:<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:3.75pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Depends on the context, I guess. In the area of *anaphor resolution* and *linguistic annotation*, "nominal anaphora" is much more established. "Lexical anaphora" is potentially ambiguous, because it would also cover or at least overlap with "verbal anaphora", a term occasionally used for "do so" constructions and/or verb repetitions.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Best,<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>Christian<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Am Fr., 21. Mai 2021 um 08:00 Uhr schrieb JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><div name="x_messageBodySection"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Dear all,</span><br><br><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>is there a term for “non-pronominal anaphora”, i. e. using personal names or titles for anaphoric reference?</span><br><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Example:</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-left:18.75pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Hyeng-kwa hyeng-uy chinkwu</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>older.brother-COM older.brother-GEN friend</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>`Older brother and his (lit. older brother’s) friend’ (Korean)</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I tried to search it in Google, but since I don’t know what this phenomenon is called, I don’t know what to search for.</span><br><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I would appreciate your help.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name="x_messageSignatureSection"><p class=MsoNormal><br>Regards, <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>ian<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=283 height=78 style='width:2.9479in;height:.8125in' id="_x0000_i1029" src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg"><o:p></o:p></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:9.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0cm'><br><em><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
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Any views and opinions expressed are only those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the University and the University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the use of such information.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><div id="m_6276747821525630817DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=55 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:13.5pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=46 height=29 style='width:.4791in;height:.302in' id="_x0000_i1027" src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=470 style='width:352.5pt;border:none;padding:12.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:13.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E'>Mail priva di virus. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank"><span style='color:#4453EA'>www.avast.com</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a><o:p></o:p></pre><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a><o:p></o:p></pre></div></body></html>