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I can understand that many linguists are hesitant to discuss
terminological standardization, because there is almost no history
of this in linguistics.<br>
<br>
However, standardization is not about "deciding/prescribing what
everyone else has to do", but about providing a way to avoid talking
past each other (because of ambiguous technical terms). In technical
contexts such as science, having clear terminology is generally very
useful.<br>
<br>
In chemistry, the IUPAC has been thinking about standard terminology
since the 1860s, and this has served the field well. In linguistics,
our knowledge may not be sufficiently advanced yet, so such efforts
may well be premature (but I made a case for standardization in this
forthcoming paper: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005489">https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005489</a>).<br>
<br>
The issue is that the existing minority term "endophoric" does not
solve the problem of the ambiguity of "anaphoric" – this ambiguity
will not disappear unless people stop using the term in its most
widespred sense. But this is very unlikely to happen, and it is much
more likely that the new term "epanaphoric" will be adopted for the
highly specialized sense "backward-looking endophoric".<br>
<br>
Best wishes,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 03.06.21 um 12:11 schrieb Françoise
Rose:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Personally, I see the term “endophoric” very
regularly (I’ve been working on demonstratives and
classifiers lately). Instead of spending energy on
developing a new term, why not simply use the existing one
that does not raise any problem ? The simple facts that
people on this list (especially those publishing typological
papers) use it would very likely enhance its use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I am in general a bit resistant about any type
of committee (or discussion list) that would decide what
everyone else has to do. But this kind of inclination
towards prescriptivism or active linguistic policy is
actually funny to observe among linguists!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">De :</span></b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
<b>De la part de</b> Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> jeudi 3 juin 2021 11:49<br>
<b>À :</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Term for “non-pronominal
anaphora"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Thanks to
Randy LaPolla, Volker Gast and Christian Lehmann for pointing
to Halliday & Hasan's term "endophoric"!<br>
<br>
Unfortunately, this term has not caught on in general, and in
practice, the term "anaphoric" is widely used as a cover term
for "cataphoric" and "epanaphoric" (e.g. in Huang's 2000
overview book "Anaphora"). I did a Twitter poll which confimed
my hunch:<br>
<br>
<span class="css-901oao">"What's the best cover term for
"anaphoric" (backward-looking) and "cataphoric"
(forward-looking)?</span><br>
<br>
<span class="css-901oao">(A) phoric (35%)</span><br>
<span class="css-901oao">(B) endophoric (22%)</span><br>
<span class="css-901oao">(C) anaphoric (taken broadly) (43%)"</span><br>
<br>
(See <a
href="https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1400034485941460994"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1400034485941460994</a>)<br>
<br>
Thus, "endophoric" is preferred only by a minority, and most
people think that "anaphoric" can be used as a cover term for
both – hence it seems best to use a new term ("epanaphoric")
for the complement of "cataphoric".<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Am 01.06.21 um 20:31 schrieb Volker Gast:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p>Hi Martin,<br>
I'm not sure if we need a standardization committee here.
Our students grow up with the terminology established by
M.A.K Halliday, who distinguishes between 'endophoric' and
'exophoric' reference. 'Endophoric' reference can be
'anaphoric' or 'cataphoric'. I'm not aware of the use of
'anaphoric' as 'forward-looking' (as this would be
'cataphoric' imho). And I agree with everyone who thinks
that anaphor(a) do(es) not have to imply pronouns (that
would be a matter of 'substitution', in Halliday's terms).
What's wrong with the taxonomy <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>exophoric vs. (endophoric (anaphoric vs. cataphoric ))<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>(And wouldn't 'ep(i)-ana-phoric' be redundant in this
context? Isn't 'anaphoric' originally '[carry] up[stream]',
hence 'backward'?)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Best,<br>
Volker<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 31/05/2021 10:56, Martin Haspelmath
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal">Paolo's mention of the term pair
"anaphora/cataphora" brings up a frequent issue in
terminology: When a new and relatively short term (like
"cataphora") is coined to refer to a special case, then it
is not clear whether the old term (here "anaphora") refers
to the general case or to the complement of the special
case.<br>
<br>
Unfortunately, "anaphora" has thus become ambiguous: (i)
it refers to backward-looking and forward-looking
discourse reference relations; (ii) it refers only to
backward-looking relations.<br>
<br>
It would be good to have a standardization committee that
resolves this problem, because it seems that the
discipline will otherwise be stuck with ambiguity of a key
term. (Personally, I would prefer to use "anaphora" in the
general sense, and to have a new term, e.g. "epanaphora",
for backward-looking relations; cf. Greek <span
class="jlqj4b">
<span lang="EL">κάτω 'down', επάνω 'up'. But this would
be for a committee to decide.)</span></span><span
lang="EL"><br>
<br>
<span class="jlqj4b">Best,</span><br>
<span class="jlqj4b">Martin</span><br>
<br>
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Am 30.05.21 um 19:37 schrieb paolo
Ramat:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I agree with Bill: "anaphora" does
not refer only to "pronouns" or "pro-forms". In a
sentence such as
<i>The jury found him guilty and the verdict shocked
him deeply</i> 'the verdict' refers anaphorically
(= looking backwards) to what has been said in the
first coordinated sentence. On the contrary, <i>The
verdict of the jury was: he is guilty
</i>. 'the verdict' is in cataphoric (=looking
forwards) position. <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think that if we consider
anaphora and cataphora together, we can get a better
understanding of both.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paolo<br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Il giorno dom 30 mag 2021 alle
ore 15:48 William Croft <<a
href="mailto:wcroft@unm.edu" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">wcroft@unm.edu</a>> ha
scritto:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Dear
all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
I find the definition of "anaphora" implied
in Ian's post to presuppose a theory of
anaphora that not everyone, certainly not
myself, agrees with. Namely, that anaphora
only happens across sentences, and/or the
only strategy for anaphora are "pronouns" or
"pro-forms". Both of these assumptions have
been debated, and there are different
theories; see Croft (2013) and references
cited therein. I think "anaphora" as a
comparative concept should be defined more
broadly -- as I think it generally is -- to
accommodate different theories about the
possible form of anaphoric expressions, and
their possible distribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Bill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Times",serif;color:black">Croft,
William. 2013. “Agreement as anaphora,
anaphora as coreference.”
<i>Languages across boundaries: studies in
memory of Anna Siewierska</i>, ed. Dik
Bakker and Martin Haspelmath, 107-29.
Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</span><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"
align="center">
<hr width="98%" size="3" align="center">
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<div
id="m_6276747821525630817gmail-m_2116705858491049862gmail-m_1961800351975216780divRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of JOO, Ian [Student] <<a
href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, May 30, 2021 1:54 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> LINGTYP <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Term for
“non-pronominal anaphora"</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:9.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:9.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:12.0pt;background:#FF6666"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;color:white">
[EXTERNAL]</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div name="x_messageBodySection">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<br>
<br>
thank you for your guidance.<br>
I think the closest form is
“lexical/nominal anaphora” but given the
examples I’ve read so far, it seems that
they are different from the lexical
repetition within a clause.<br>
For example, in the following sentence,
“the guy” refers to John, but it’s not
in the same clause as “John”:<br>
“I know John_i. The guy_i has a dog.”<br>
But in the following Korean, the two
occurences of “John” are within the same
clause:<br>
“John_i-kwa John_i-uy kay" (lit. John_i
and John_i’s dog)<br>
So I think the the within-clause
repetition and cross-clause repetition
must be distinguished.<br>
Also I agree with Martin’s initial
suggestion that this Korean case
shouldn’t be termed as “anaphora”
because it really isn’t anaphoric
reference. It’s just the repeated
occurrence of the same lexeme where you
would expect anaphora in an European
language, so to call it anaphora might
be a little Euro-centric.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div name="x_messageSignatureSection">
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
From Hong Kong, <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div name="x_messageReplySection">
<p class="MsoNormal">On 27 May 2021, 11:41
PM +0800, Christian Chiarcos <<a
href="mailto:christian.chiarcos@web.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">christian.chiarcos@web.de</a>>,
wrote:<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote
style="margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:3.75pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Depends on the
context, I guess. In the area of
*anaphor resolution* and *linguistic
annotation*, "nominal anaphora" is
much more established. "Lexical
anaphora" is potentially ambiguous,
because it would also cover or at
least overlap with "verbal
anaphora", a term occasionally used
for "do so" constructions and/or
verb repetitions.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Christian<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Am Fr., 21. Mai
2021 um 08:00 Uhr schrieb JOO, Ian
[Student] <<a
href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<br>
<br>
is there a term for
“non-pronominal anaphora”, i.
e. using personal names or
titles for anaphoric
reference?<br>
Example:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-left:18.75pt;margin-right:0cm">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hyeng-kwa
hyeng-uy chinkwu<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">older.brother-COM
older.brother-GEN friend<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">`Older
brother and his (lit. older
brother’s) friend’ (Korean)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I tried to
search it in Google, but since
I don’t know what this
phenomenon is called, I don’t
know what to search for.<br>
I would appreciate your help.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div
name="x_messageSignatureSection">
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
Regards, <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">ian<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:13.5pt"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E">Mail
priva di virus.
<a
href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">
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<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</tbody>
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</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a></pre>
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