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<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>Two well-known poetic forms which place the source before the
target (like Korean) are:</p>
<p>1. The Malay pantun — a ubiquitous quatrain form in which the
first couplet presents the source while the second couplet follows
with the target.</p>
<p>2. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.</p>
<p>In contrast, both orders are attested in</p>
<p>3. Virgil's Aeneid</p>
<p>SOURCES<br>
For the Malay Pantun, this feature is pervasive and almost
definitional of the genre. For brief discussion see Gil (@). For
Homer and Virgil, the source is a personal communication from
Yeshayahu Shen, alluding to a PhD dissertation from the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, whose precise reference he was
unfortunately unable to provide.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p class="ReferencesT" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan
lines-together"><span style="font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Gil, David (1993)
"'Il pleut doucement sur la ville':<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The Rhythm of a Metaphor", <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Poetics
Today</i> 14:49-82.</span></p>
<p>
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<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 18/06/2021 15:41, Siva Kalyan wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:8B5CEB90-BF1E-4BB5-B708-0085355AC1B4@gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
At least some Sanskrit proverbs have the "metaphorical subjects"
preceding the "metaphorical objects". The example that comes to
mind is the following:
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">varam eko guṇī putro na ca mūrkhaśatair api</div>
<div class="">ekaścandrastamo hanti na ca tārāgaṇair api</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">“A single intelligent son is preferable to a hundred
fools;</div>
<div class="">[just as] the sun is not blotted out by the
multitude of stars.”</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Also the following:</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">na daivam iti saṃcintya tyajed udyogam ātmanaḥ</div>
<div class="">anudyogena kas tailaṃ tilebhyaḥ prāptum arhati?</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">“Do not abandon your work, thinking it is
foreordained by fate;</div>
<div class="">[for] who is capable of obtaining oil from sesame
plants without effort?”</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">(Both of these examples are from the 12th-century
text <i class="">Hitopadeśa</i><span style="font-style: normal;"
class="">.)</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">In
addition, all the examples of metaphorical proverbs in Tamil
that I can think of also have the subject-before-object order.
(I don’t remember the original, but one of them goes along the
lines of, “Don’t think that only your relatives can help you;
the poison that you are born with may threaten your life, but
the herb that saves you may come from a distant mountain”.)</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">At the
very least, there are probably strong areal tendencies here. I
wouldn't be surprised if Sinospheric languages pattern one
way, and Indospheric languages pattern the other way.</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">By the
way, I wouldn’t recommend using “subject” and “object” to talk
about metaphor, given how overloaded these terms are already.
I think the standard way of talking about metaphors is in
terms of “source domain” (= your “object”) and “target domain”
(= your “subject”).</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">Siva</span></div>
<div class="">
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 18 Jun 2021, at 2:08 pm, JOO, Ian [Student]
<<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
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class="">
<div dir="auto" class=""><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";" class="">Dear all,</span><br
class="">
<br class="">
<span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">in Korean proverbs consisting
of two parallel sentences, the metaphorical object
precedes the metaphorical subject:</span></div>
<ul class="">
<li class=""><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">호랑이는 죽어서 가죽을 남기고, 사람은 죽어서
이름을 남긴다. A tiger leaves its hide when it dies, and
a person leaves their name when they die.</span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">열 길 물 속은 알아도 한 길 사람 속은 모른다.
You can see through ten feet deep water, but you
cannot see through a one foot deep heart.</span></li>
</ul>
<div dir="auto" class=""><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";" class="">In these
proverbs, the metaphorical objects (tiger, water)
precede the metaphorical subjects (person, heart).</span><br
class="">
<span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">I have been assuming that
this is the “natural” way of making a parallel
comparison, until I came across Mongolian proverbs
today that have the opposite structure: </span></div>
<ul class="">
<li class=""><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">Хүн ёс дагана, нохой яс
дагана. A person follows traditions, and a dog
follows bones.</span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">Уур биеийг зовоодог, уул
морийг зовоодог. The anger torments the body, and
the mountain torments the horse.</span></li>
</ul>
<div dir="auto" class=""><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";" class="">I assume here
that the person and the body are being compared to
the dog and the horse (and not the other way
around).</span><br class="">
<span style="font-family: "Times New
Roman";" class="">Is this metaphorical subject
- metaphorical object order common in proverbs of
other languages as well?</span><br class="">
</div>
</div>
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From Hong Kong,
<div dir="auto" class="">Ian</div>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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