<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear all,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Thank you for this very interesting discussion. It fits perfectly in the topic of our upcoming conference <i class="">Descriptive Grammars and Typology II</i> (December 1-3, 2021), which aims to foster that kind of exchanges. <span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Please consider submitting an abstract <u class="">before</u></span><u class=""> July 2nd, 2021</u>. See call below.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">———<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">———</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">———</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">———</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">———</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">———</span></div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Dear colleagues,</font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""> </font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">We are pleased to announce the second installment of the conference </span><b class="">Descriptive Grammars and Typology: <span class="" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.22em;">The challenges of writing grammars of underdescribed and endangered languages</span></b>, which will take place on<u class=""> December 1-3, 2021 </u>in Paris (FIAP Paris). <span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">We are counting on an on-site event complying to all sanitary restrictions that may apply (if needed, the hosting conditions will be adapted). </span>The conference will consist of one unique general session. Talks will be 30-minute long plus 10 minutes for discussion.</font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div class="" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Please check the conference website for all details: </font></span><a href="https://grammar2021.sciencesconf.org/" class="" style="-apple-color-filter: none; font-family: Helvetica; color: var(--accent-color) !important; text-decoration-color: var(--accent-color) !important;">https://grammar2021.sciencesconf.org/</a></div></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class="">Keynote speakers:</b></font></div><div class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></font></div><div class=""><ul class="" style="margin: 0px; padding-left: 2em;"><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Felix Ameka (Leiden University)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Nicholas Evans (Australian National University)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Birgit Hellwig (University of Cologne)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Aimée Lahaussois (HTL, CNRS)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Nicolas Quint (LLACAN, CNRS)</font></li></ul></div></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class="">Call for papers:</b></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div class=""><p class="" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The global endangerement of little-known languages has raised awareness of the urgent need to document and describe them and brought about new advances in the art of grammaticography (see e.g. Ameka, Dench & Evans 2006). The conference series 'Descriptive Grammars and Typology’, whose first installment took place in March 2019 in Helsinki (</font><a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/descriptive-grammars-and-typology" class="" style="-apple-color-filter: none; color: var(--accent-color) !important;">https://www.helsinki.fi/en/conferences/descriptive-grammars-and-typology</a>)<span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;">, aims to contribute to the </span><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;">development of grammaticography</span><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;"> by bringing together authors and users of </span><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;">grammars of underdescribed and/or endangered languages</span><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;"> who share an interest in drawing on concepts of linguistic typology in grammatical descriptions.</span></p></div><div class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><span class="" style="text-align: justify;">We welcome submissions concentrating on the issues and challenges that face the authors of descriptive grammars, the expectations of grammar users, as well as wider discussion of the role of typology in grammar-writing. The presentations may take either a language-specific or a cross-linguistic perspective. This second edition of the conference will be more specifically focused on the theory and practice of grammar writing and will exclude papers concerned with the description of grammatical structures.</span><br class=""></font></div><div class=""><p class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Topics relevant to the conference may include (but are not restricted to) the following issues:</font></p><ul class="" style="margin: 0px; padding-left: 2em;"><li class="" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The challenges of describing a language in its own terms and, at the same time, making it comparable to other languages</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The roles of form and function in conceptualizing and organizing language descriptions</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Challenges of and approaches to describing rare structures</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The role of semantics in grammar writing</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The role of corpora in grammar writing</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Approaches to variation in language description</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">The relation of language and linguistic structure to language ecologies</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Challenges and solutions for meeting the diverse needs of typologists, language learners and native speakers when writing a descriptive grammar</font></li></ul></div></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class="">Abstract Submission Guidelines:</b></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><p class="" style="text-align: justify;"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Please submit a one-page abstract (with references and/or examples/graphics allowed on a separate page) <u class="">no later than July 01, 2021</u>, through the conference website: </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a href="https://grammar2021.sciencesconf.org/" class="" style="-apple-color-filter: none; color: var(--accent-color) !important; text-decoration-color: var(--accent-color) !important;">https://grammar2021.sciencesconf.org</a> (see </span></font><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;">further guidelines on the website).</span><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> Abstracts </span></font><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">will be subject to blind review. Notificati</font><span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;">on of acceptance will be given on September 01, 2021.</span></p></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class="">Organizers: </b></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Thera Crane (<span class="" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Helsinki)</span></font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Sebastian Fedden (Sorbonne Nouvelle University, CNRS – Lacito)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Ekaterina Gruzdeva (<span class="" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Helsinki)</span></font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Arja Hamari (<span class="" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Helsinki)</span></font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Matti Miestamo (<span class="" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">University of Helsinki)</span></font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Yann Le Moullec (Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations, CNRS – Lacito)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Neige Rochant (Sorbonne Nouvelle University, CNRS – Lacito & LLACAN)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Guillaume Segerer (CNRS – LLACAN)</font></li><li class=""><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">Jeanne Zerner (CNRS – LLACAN)</font></li></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class="">In partnership with Labex EFL.</font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><b class="">Program committee:</b></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font face="Helvetica" size="3" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div class="" style="font-family: CharisSILCompact; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><li class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Claire Bowern (Yale University)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Denis Creissels (Lumière University Lyon 2)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Don Daniels (University of Oregon)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Patience Epps (University of Texas at Austin)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">James Essegbey (University of Florida)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Diana Forker (Friedrich Schiller University Jena)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Andrew Garrett (University of California, Berkeley)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Carol Genetti (New York University Abu Dhabi)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Nadine Grimm (University of Rochester)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Antoine Guillaume (DDL, CNRS)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Harald Hammarström (Uppsala University)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Martin Haspelmath (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Jeffrey Heath (University of Michigan)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Marian Klamer (Leiden University)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Linda Konnerth (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Maarten Mous (Leiden University)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Bastian Persohn (Friedrich Schiller University Jena)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Mark Post (University of Sydney)</span></li><li dir="ltr" class=""><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;" class="">Antoinette Schapper (CNRS /Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)</span></li></div><br class=""><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div>———————————</div><div><font face="CharisSILCompact-Bold" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><b class="">Neige Rochant</b></span></font><br class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">Doctorante en Sciences du Langage</span></font></div><div><span style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">/ </span></font><span style="font-family: CharisSILCompact;" class="">PhD student in linguistics</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">UMR 7107 LACITO ~ UMR 8135 LLACAN</span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – </span></font></span><span style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">ILPGA<br class="">19 rue des Bernardins 75005 Paris</span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 17px;" class=""><font face="CharisSILCompact" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><a href="https://nrochant.gitpages.huma-num.fr/neige-rochant/" class="">https://nrochant.gitpages.huma-num.fr/neige-rochant/</a></span></font></span></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Le 17 juin 2021 à 17:52, Randy J. LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" class="">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>> a écrit :</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">In this regard it might be good to keep in mind Popper’s dictum:<div class="">
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Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class="">"Whenever
a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you
have neither understood the theory nor the problem which it was intended to
solve."<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> -Karl Popper, </span><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach</span></i><span lang="EN-US" class=""> (</span><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Clarendon Press,</span> <span lang="EN-US" class="">1972, p. 266)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">-----</span></span><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; text-align: -webkit-auto; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class=""><b class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; font-size: 13px;" class=""><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white;" class="">）</span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class=""><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: -webkit-auto;" class="">| </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><span style="background-color: white;" class="">Singapore 639818</span></span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.info/" class="">http://randylapolla.info/</a></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: white; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;" class="">(<a href="http://personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla" class="">personal.ntu.edu.sg/randylapolla</a>)</span></div></div></span></span></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 17 Jun 2021, at 10:31 PM, Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="">Dear Adam, Ilana, et al. — I’d like to add my emphatic support to what Adam said. I was in fact just discussing this very issue with a collaborator over email independently. It goes beyond descriptive linguistics, and in fact beyond linguistics: when the available data about a given phenomenon is compatible with more than one competing analysis/hypothesis, it’s bad practice, but unfortunately nonetheless widespread practice, to reduce the presentation of the data to only the analysis/hypothesis favored by the researcher. This is a very general concern in science in general, but in linguistics in particular, there are a couple of unique twists to it.<br class=""><br class="">Researchers throughout academia of course always face a temptation to push their favorite analysis/account of a given phenomenon, because they want to promote that account and project confidence in it. <br class=""><br class="">And the specific additional sources of the problem in linguistics are these:<br class=""><br class="">1. An analysis of any given phenomenon (including a construction or sound) of course presupposes analyses of a slew of other, related phenomena (e.g., constituent constructions). This is again a problem not restricted to linguistics. But languages are such darn complex creatures that it is impossible for any linguist to have equally good and comprehensive data for every phenomenon their work draws on. It’s a bit like a video game, where pixel density decreases in the background (I’m told): say your best/favorite example for illustrating a given phenomenon features a morpheme that you’ve only ever encountered in two or three tokens/utterances. You realize that you don’t have enough data to be confident what this thing is, but you’re reluctant to talk about that because it would distract from your discussion of the phenomenon of interest. I have certainly been there.<br class=""><br class="">2. As linguists, we actually know that constructions can be inherently ambiguous between multiple analyses. That may be the result of ongoing change and/or inter-speaker variation. But the inherently non-unique mapping between language-specific categories and comparative concepts is another important source. <br class=""><br class="">It’s not quite pithy enough for a bumper sticker, but “Linguistic phenomena are under no obligation to fit our preconceived categories” sums up how I’ve come to think about the last-mentioned issue.<br class=""><br class="">Best — Juergen<br class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">On Jun 17, 2021, at 6:22 AM, Ilana Mushin <<a href="mailto:i.mushin@uq.edu.au" class="">i.mushin@uq.edu.au</a>> wrote:<br class=""><br class="">Thank you Adam for raising this fascinating topic. I think your views here are really important to air. Grammatical descriptions are renditions by the describers of a distillation of all of the complexity of linguistic structures and the contexts in which they occur. We do need to think more critically about the ways in which we, as typologists, grasp descriptive nuggets of languages we do not ourselves know. <br class="">Lots of satisfying food for thought. <br class=""><br class="">Ilana<br class=""><br class="">Associate Professor Ilana Mushin<br class="">Reader in Linguistics<br class="">President, Australian Linguistic Society<br class=""><br class="">Co-Editor, Interactional Linguistics (<a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/il" class="">https://benjamins.com/catalog/il</a>) <br class=""><br class="">School of Languages and Cultures<br class="">University of Queensland<br class="">St Lucia, QLD 4072.<br class="">Ph: (07) 3365 6810<br class=""><br class="">CRICOS Provider No: 00025B<br class=""><br class="">I acknowledge the Jagera and Turrbal peoples on whose land I live and work. Their sovereignty was never ceded.<br class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">On 17 Jun 2021, at 7:57 pm, Adam James Ross Tallman <<a href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu" class="">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</a>> wrote:<br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Some of these issues depend somewhat on how each of us do typology and the way we read grammars. I would endorse all of the statements given so far, but would also highlight one aspect of grammar writing that I think we need to work on as a community. <br class=""><br class="">I often wish descriptive grammarians were more forthcoming about alternative analyses, when data point in different directions, and aspects of the language that are just not understood yet. This is important for reproducibility, but also I think grammars can have an important function in mapping out domains that require future research. In typology, we could potentially code uncertainty in the analysis if that information is present(see here) resulting in more reliable inferences. <br class=""><br class="">Personally, I think the attitude of typologists (or confessional "theoreticians") has sometimes had a detrimental effect here. There is often an assumption that a lack of certainty on the descriptivist's part regarding how to present or analyze some grammatical fact of a language automatically translates to a lack of knowledge about the language or linguistics in general, when I think, often the opposite is true. It is because the descriptive linguist has a detailed understanding of the phenomena that it cannot be easily fit out with the typologist's terminology or naively constructed comparative concepts ("what!? you don't understand where/what a word is in your language, come back to me when you really understand the language (if not linguistic theory in general *sniff*)!"). <br class=""><br class="">The upshot of this attitude, and the fact that descriptive and documentary linguistics was demoted in prestige in the 1960s (although things are changing), is that the descriptivist is impelled to pretend (and then eventually believe) that a much more straightforward analysis is licensed. Analyses for which there are mountains of supporting data are treated the same as those made as best guesses. Glosses or translations are treated as "truth", rather than as heuristics or expositional devices respectively. I think this tendency is changing as a consequence of the development of documentary linguistics and archiving practices, but I think descriptive linguists have special insights about methodological and analytic challenges that could make their ways into grammars more often. Or in short, I want thick translation, and also thick analysis, to be common in grammar writing.<br class=""><br class="">best,<br class=""><br class="">Adam<br class=""><br class="">On Thu, Jun 17, 2021 at 5:56 AM Randy J. LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" class="">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class="">Hi Daniel,<br class="">Chelliah, Shobhana. 1997. A Grammar of Meithei. MGL 17. Berlin & NY: Mouton de Gruyter.<br class="">is one grammar that does the two line (phrase and clause) translation consistently. It certainly helps with the interpretation.<br class=""><br class="">Randy<br class="">-----<br class="">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA （羅仁地）<br class="">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities <br class="">Nanyang Technological University<br class="">HSS-03-45, 48 Nanyang Avenue| Singapore 639818<br class=""><a href="http://randylapolla.net/" class="">http://randylapolla.net/</a><br class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">On 17 Jun 2021, at 6:05 AM, Daniel Ross <<a href="mailto:djross3@gmail.com" class="">djross3@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class=""><br class="">This has been a useful discussion and I generally agree with the points made by others already.<br class=""><br class="">But one thought I'd like to add to this discussion is the importance of the third line, the English translation itself (or whatever the language of description is). Whenever any not-at-issue feature is included in an example, we may rely on that third-line translation for an intuitive understanding of the function of the morphemes in an example beyond what the gloss indicates, especially when it is a relationship between morphemes. A basic illustration of this problem would be the choice to render a verb unmarked for tense as past tense in an example (probably corresponding to the context of the original elicitation, even though that may not be indicated when it is used as an isolated example out of context), or similarly the choice of "he" or "she" for a general 3SG pronoun unmarked for gender.<br class=""><br class="">This is a bigger problem, though, when we consider combinations of morphemes. The glosses can tell us something about the individual morphemes, but they don't indicate how to interpret their combination. For example, could there be some interaction between a tense marker and mood? The gloss doesn't indicate that, only the translation (and possibly some other section in the grammar that addresses it directly, if included).<br class=""><br class="">The only solution I can suggest for this would be to include two translations, expanding the traditional three-line model to four lines: first a literal translation, and second a more idiomatic English version. For some examples that might seem excessive, but I think often it would be incredibly helpful. English simply doesn't function like many languages it is used to describe, and having an awkward-in-English but more literal translation would help me as a typologist to understand how the language works internally rather than through the lens of English. To some degree the morpheme-by-morpheme gloss is supposed to be used for that purpose, but again it doesn't indicate anything about the semantics of those morphemes when combined. And quite rarely we do have exceptional examples with a literal translation indicated, but almost exclusively when that particular phenomenon is at-issue in that particular section of a grammar, not elsewhere, and often only when there is an obvious lexical mismatch (e.g. in a collocation), not so much for grammatical functions. Personally I would also be comfortable with a less idiomatic English translation, because I think it would be helpful to have the reader pause a moment to try to understand the example in the sense of its usage in the language being described, rather than assuming functional equivalence to an English rendering. Of course that shouldn't go too far as to leave the meaning unintelligible in English.<br class=""><br class="">To illustrate this, here is an excerpt from a recent publication where I mentioned this issue (page 53 of: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110692099-002" class="">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110692099-002</a>). I point out that more familiar purposive forms are often used to translate Prior Associated Motion, because that category is not so familiar for the typical European languages used to write grammars. And even when the language does have a corresponding form like English "go and get" (or "go get"), authors may not be so comfortable using it, despite it actually being a better translation.<br class=""><br class="">"Glosses in English can sometimes be misleading: 'go (in order) to [verb]' should be expected for purposives, whereas 'go and [verb]'[34] should be expected for Prior [Associated Motion],[35] and rarely do grammars specifically describe the semantics of such constructions beyond the glosses.<br class=""><br class="">[34] That is, pseudocoordination..., which problematically is not itself widely recognized for its Prior AM semantics, resulting in potential confusion for both authors and readers of descriptive materials.<br class="">[35] Glosses in languages other than English are often similarly unhelpful, especially when these meanings are not typically distinguished (e.g. Spanish ir 'go' + INF, used to gloss either purposive 'go (in order) to' or Prior AM)."<br class=""><br class="">This meant that in the survey I was not able to confidently distinguish between Purposive and Prior motion in all of my sample languages, so I had to report them together as a single type.<br class=""><br class="">Daniel<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">On Wed, Jun 16, 2021 at 10:30 AM Peter Austin <<a href="mailto:pa2@soas.ac.uk" class="">pa2@soas.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<br class="">Tamsin Donaldson's grammar of Ngiyampaa (CUP, 1980) is exemplary in providing this kind of sociocultural and utterance context. An oldie but a goodie.<br class=""><br class="">Best<br class="">Peter<br class=""><br class="">On Wed, 16 Jun 2021, 17:17 Marianne Mithun, <<a href="mailto:mithun@linguistics.ucsb.edu" class="">mithun@linguistics.ucsb.edu</a>> wrote:<br class="">Thanks Francoise and Lena! I heartily agree!<br class=""><br class="">(And now that we're not buying so much paper and ink, this really doesn't increase the cost so much.)<br class=""><br class="">Marianne<br class=""><br class="">On Wed, Jun 16, 2021 at 3:15 AM Françoise Rose <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr" class="">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>> wrote:<br class="">Dear all,<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">I will send my answers to Eline in a private message, but I would like to share a recent experience regarding examples in grammars.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">I am presently reviewing Lena Terhart’s grammar of Paunaka (a PhD thesis). The author gives this notice regarding how examples are introduced in the grammar:<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">“One peculiarity of this work is that most examples are introduced by briefly providing<br class=""><br class="">the extralinguistic context. This is usually not done in grammatical descriptions. I<br class=""><br class="">started with this at some point, when I felt that context was necessary for understanding<br class=""><br class="">and then extended it further and further. Thus, the reader will not only learn about<br class=""><br class="">Paunaka, but also gain knowledge about the narratives and personal life stories of the<br class=""><br class="">speakers throughout this work. Whoever is irritated by this is kindly asked to simply<br class=""><br class="">overlook it. »<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">I generally appreciate a lot when authors add important information on the context of the extract (usually in brackets before the free translation). I was yet planning to be one of the readers who would just overlook these example introductions because my sense was that these introductions would be useful sometimes only (in my view, mainly in sections concerning discourse issues). Actually, it turned out that I appreciate this practice very much: knowing the context very often gives a very clear interpretation to the sentence and strong indications on how the linguistic features under scrutiny works. Also, this is a very strong indication that the linguist perfectly understands what the sentence is about. I can attest that, as a fieldworker on culturally very distinct cultures from mine, I do not always understand the contribution of every sentence to the conversation/narration. Finally, this gives also a sense of familiarity with the culture involved in the grammar, which is extremely pleasant.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Here are two randomly-picked examples from the grammar:<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Consider (516), which is about making something fall, just like (510) above. It also comes from a description of the frog story,<br class=""><br class="">but this sentence was produced by Miguel and referred to another picture, the one on which the dog has made the beehive (or: wasp nest) fall.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">A similar example comes from María S. who had just stated that smoking is bad<br class=""><br class="">and now provides the reason:<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Best to you all,<br class=""><br class="">Françoise<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">De : Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> De la part de Eline Visser<br class="">Envoyé : lundi 31 mai 2021 15:15<br class="">À : <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">Objet : [Lingtyp] How do typologists use examples in grammars?<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Dear typologists,<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">I’d like to learn more about how you use the examples given in grammars. I have just finished a grammar myself, and will continue to do descriptive work in the future, and this is a topic that fascinates me. I'm especially interested in knowing if one can discern the traits of a good example (for typological use). I’d be glad if some of you could take the time to answer the questions below, either briefly or elaborately. You can email me the answers. Also, if there’s is anything published on this topic please do let me know.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">1. In general, do you prefer short (let’s say <1 line) or longer (> 1 line) examples? Elaborate if you wish.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">2. In general, do you have a preference for examples from a certain genre? Which? You can interpret genre broadly or narrowly, in which ever way you like: monologue, dialogue, anecdotes, recipes, hymns, picture-matching tasks…<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">3. In general, do you have a dispreference for examples of a certain genre?<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">4. Say you have two examples that illustrate your point equally well. What could be a deciding factor for choosing one over another?<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">5. Say you can’t find an example that illustrates your point well. On a scale from 1-5, how likely is it that you will go to the language’s corpus or the attached texts in the grammar to find one yourself? (1= very unlikely, 5 = very likely)<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">6. Anything else you’d like to share about examples in grammars? Feel free to rant.<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">Eline<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">P.s. For those who ordered a Kalamang grammar hard copy - they’re in Sweden, I’m in Norway, traveling isn’t as easy as I thought yet, so this takes a bit longer than I thought, sorry!<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""></blockquote><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""><br class=""><br class="">-- <br class="">Adam J.R. Tallman<br class="">Post-doctoral Researcher <br class="">Friedrich Schiller Universität<br class="">Department of English Studies<br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""></blockquote>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></blockquote><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></div></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></div>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp<br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>