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Yes, Bhat (2004) and Kibrik (2011) are excellent typological books
from which I have learned a lot (thanks to Don Killian and Daniel
Hieber for mentioning them).<br>
<br>
But they do not seem to say clearly how personal pronouns are
delimited from demonstratives. Bhat (2004), as in <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://wals.info/chapter/43">his
WALS chapter</a>, discusses the formal relationships between
demonstratives and 3rd person pronouns, but how do we tell them
apart? For example, Basque is sometimes said to lack 3rd-person
pronouns and to use demonstratives instead (<i>hau, hori, hura</i>),
and sometimes it is said <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_grammar#Personal_pronouns">to
use demonstratives "as 3rd-person pronouns"</a> – which of these
is true depends on the definition of "personal pronoun". Kibrik
(2011: 125) considers two criteria (""adnominal use", "a single
structural-distributional system with locuphoric pronouns") but
falls short of providing a clear definition.<br>
<br>
This is why I proposed the definition in terms of coreferential use
in a complement clause, as in<br>
<br>
<i>Jon-ek dio hura azkarra d-ela.</i><br>
Jon-ERG says DEM smart be-COMP<br>
'Jon(i) says that he(i) is smart.' (Iraola & Ezeizabarrena 2011)<br>
<br>
Here the Basque distal demonstrative <i>hura</i> 'that (one)' is
used coreferentially with the matrix subject, so according to this
definition, <i>hura</i> is (also) a personal pronoun. It contrasts
crucially with Spanish, where the distal demonstrative <i>aquél</i>
'that (one)' cannot be used in this way (<i>Juan(i) dice que
(*aquél(i)) es inteligente</i>).<br>
<br>
A language that is similar to Basque in that it seems to "use its
demonstratives as personal pronouns" is Lezgian, but it appears that
they cannot be used in a complement clause, because reflexive
pronouns are required in this context (Haspelmath 1993: §22.4.2).
Thus, even though Lezgian <i>am/abur</i> often correspond to
English <i>he/she/they</i>, they do not count as personal pronouns.<br>
<br>
[This delimitation may strike one as arbitrary, and it is – but I am
assuming that we want *some* delimitation, because "personal
pronoun" and "demonstrative" are technical terms that we want to
have clear definitions for.]<br>
<br>
Thanks also to Riccardo Giomi for mentioning the term "pro(-)form"
used in FDG (along with "pro-adverb", "pro-verb", etc.). These kinds
of terms have been used for quite some time (e.g. in Quirk et al.
1985, the well-known grammar of English), but they have not become
standard. In a recent Twitter poll, when asked about what term to
use for "where", a majority favoured "adverbial interrogative
pronoun" or "interrogative pronominal adverb" over "interrogative
pro-adverb"
(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1413525671163400192">https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1413525671163400192</a>).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 11.07.21 um 06:01 schrieb Daniel W.
Hieber:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:MWHPR03MB2574CE619EE2BBFF38AFF08CDA169@MWHPR03MB2574.namprd03.prod.outlook.com">
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Dear Ian,</div>
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<br>
</div>
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I think it would be worthwhile to also consider the definition
of pronouns advanced in Andrej Kibrik's excellent
<i>Reference in discourse</i>. Some relevant quotes are below.
Note that Kibrik is here using
<i>pronoun</i> to mean primarily <i>personal pronoun</i> (p.
121).</div>
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"[...] the term 'pronoun' implies only three things. First, a
pronoun is a referential device, directly coding referents.
Second, it is a reduced referential device, that is, it does
not have lexical content. Third, pronouns are
<b>overt</b> devices, and so are opposed to zero reference."
(p. 121; empahsis in the original)</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Kibrik also notes that there are other types of items which
sometimes share the function of personal pronouns, but should
not themselves be considered personal pronouns:</div>
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<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Linguistic elements that can be characterized as overt reduced
referential devices most typically coincide with what are
traditionally known as personal pronouns. In the context of
referential choice between full and reduced referential
devices, most often these are third person pronouns. English
is a typical example of a language that uses third person
pronouns when a reduced referential device is needed. However,
in this kind of language other reduced devices may be used,
such as demonstratives. Furthermore, not all languages have
dedicated third person pronouns: some languages employ overt
reduced referential devices that fall out of the scope of what
traditionally counts as third person pronouns. Several kinds
of linguistic elements that belong to other pronoun types or
even different lexico-grammatical classes may effectively
function in discourse as
<b>analogues</b> of third person pronouns. Such analogues can
be thought of as marginal overt reduced referential devices.</div>
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<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Among these, the most salient ones are: demonstratives,
classifiers, and social status nouns. All of these devices are
distinct from personal pronouns, in particular because they do
not contain the category of person. [...] However, in certain
languages that lack genuine third person pronouns these
devices play the pronominal role. (p. 124; emphasis in the
original)</div>
</blockquote>
<div>
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Kibrik also helpfully distinguishes between <i>strong</i> vs.
<i>weak</i> pronouns, where strong pronouns are prosodically
and pragmatically marked, and weak pronouns are prosodically
reduced and/or dependent. Weak pronouns are functionally
analogous to bound pronouns (p. 92).</div>
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<br>
</div>
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Hope that's helpful!</div>
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<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
Danny</div>
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
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<br>
</div>
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<b>References</b></div>
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<ul>
<li>Kibrik, Andrej A. 2011. <i>Reference in discourse</i>.
Oxford University Press. doi:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001"
title="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001"
moz-do-not-send="true">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<br>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New
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<span style="font-family:"Times New
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt"
face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b>
Lingtyp <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on
behalf of JOO, Ian [Student] <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"><ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk></a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, July 5, 2021 11:53 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> LINGTYP <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div name="x_messageBodySection">
<div dir="auto"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Dear
typologists,</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I’m having a hard
time trying to find a definition of a “personal pronoun”.</span><br>
<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">One definition is
that a personal pronoun refers to a literal person, a
human being. But then again, non-human pronouns like
English </span><em style="font-family:Times New Roman">it</em><span
style="font-family:Times New Roman"> are also frequently
included as a personal pronoun.</span><br>
<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Another definition
seems to be that “personal” refers to a grammatical person
and not a literal person. Thus, </span><em
style="font-family:Times New Roman">it</em><span
style="font-family:Times New Roman"> refers to the
(non-human) 3rd person, therefore it is a personal
pronoun.</span><br>
<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">But then again,
demonstratives, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns
also refer to the 3rd person. (This </span><em
style="font-family:Times New Roman">is</em><span
style="font-family:Times New Roman"> a book, who </span><em
style="font-family:Times New Roman">is </em><span
style="font-family:Times New Roman">that man, anything </span><em
style="font-family:Times New Roman">is </em><span
style="font-family:Times New Roman">possible) Then are
they also personal pronouns?</span><br>
<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">What’s the
clearest definition of a personal pronoun, if any?</span></div>
</div>
<div name="x_messageSignatureSection"><br>
From Hong Kong,
<div dir="auto">Ian</div>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
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