<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<p> </p>
<div class="moz-text-html" lang="x-unicode">
<p>Hi everybody,</p>
<p>I would like to propose an essentially semantic definition of
"personal pronouns", which I hope reflects a more or less
uncontroversial view and may help to clarify some of the
questions that came up in the discussion. I'm not a typologist,
though; the most exotic language I know well is Japanese.<br>
</p>
<p>1. Personal pronouns are NPs, not pro-Ns<br>
</p>
<p>2. They are definite (they are individual concepts according to
my theory of concept types, JoS 2011)<br>
</p>
<p>3. They are restricted to minimal sortal content, such as
'male' or 'female' either in the sense of sex or of grammatical
gender. <br>
</p>
<p>4. If they have singular reference, the reference can be fixed
to the producer or the addressee of the utterance.</p>
<p>5. If they have plural reference, more complex definitions are
in need for variants of 'we', plural 'you'/'ihr', 'they', duals
etc.<br>
</p>
<p>5. They may in addition carry social meaning, in particular
concerning the social relationship between the producer and the
referent of the pronoun.</p>
<p>6. The restriction on the sortal content also holds for 3rd
person pronouns. Since 1st or 2nd person reference is ruled out
for 3rd person pronouns, they may lack any further content
except for grammatical gender or noun class. If grammatically
possible, their meaning may consist in just being a definite NP.
As with all (pragmatically) definite NPs, their reference would
be construed from the context. <br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>These restrictions, I think, solve some of the problems that
came up in he discussion:</p>
<p>- The distinction of personal pronouns from ordinary lexical
NPs. <br>
</p>
<p>- The distinction of personal pronouns from demontratives in NP
function: Demonstratives may denote things related to producer
or addressee, but never refer to the interlocutors themselves.</p>
- The distinction of personal pronouns from possessive pronouns:
These are probably also universally inherently definite NPs (if
used as NPs rather than as determiners), but refer to something
that is <i>in relation to</i> what the corresponding personal
pronoun refers to. <br>
<p>- Since personal pronouns are full NPs and individual concepts,
they cannot take restrictive attributes such as attributive
adjectives. Restrictive attributes combine with sortal concepts
only.<br>
</p>
<p>Best regards, Sebastian Löbner<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 09.07.2021 um 18:00 schrieb <a
class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:mailman.5.1625846403.23000.lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
You can reach the person managing the list at
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific
than "Re: Contents of Lingtyp digest..."
Today's Topics:
1. Re: Definition of “personal pronoun" (Sebastian Nordhoff)
2. Re: Definition of “personal pronoun" (Martin Haspelmath)
3. Re: Definition of “personal pronoun" (Riccardo Giomi)
4. Re: Definition of “personal pronoun" (Don Killian)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1
Date: Fri, 9 Jul 2021 11:29:47 +0200
From: Sebastian Nordhoff <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de"><sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de></a>
To: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"
Message-ID: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:bb142fe0-8e28-5376-8450-1be735a16b61@glottotopia.de"><bb142fe0-8e28-5376-8450-1be735a16b61@glottotopia.de></a>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Dear all,
I think it is useful to have a look at the context in which "personal
pronoun" is used. There is an opposition to "possessive pronoun",
"reflexive pronoun" etc. So "personal pronoun" is the kind of pronoun
which is not possessive, which is not reflexive and so on.
If only "pronoun" is used, without further qualification, normally
"personal pronoun" is intended. If someone says "The pronouns of
language X and language Y are similar", the standard interpretation
would be that this refers to personal pronouns, rather than to reflexive
pronouns or the like.
Sometimes it is important to clearly state that you are not interested
in possessive/reflexive/interrogative pronouns. In those cases "personal
pronoun" is used. I see this as a shorthand for "subject/object pronoun".
Obviously, there are languages with very neat 2x3 paradigms, and there
are languages where the paradigms are fuzzy at the edges and you get kin
terms for reference and various politeness effects.
If one sees "personal pronoun" as "subject/object pronoun", the question
of whether a given form (eg in Korean) is actually third person becomes
moot.
So, the fact that we call a certain set of items "personal pronouns" is
probably due to a) opposition to other categories and b) tradition. It
should not be taken to imply that the category of "person" plays any
role in there. (After all, possessive pronouns also encode person, but
AFAICS they are normally not considered personal pronouns).
Best wishes
Sebastian
On 7/8/21 5:17 PM, Paolo Ramat wrote:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">you don't miss anything , dear Edith. I have written on many occasions
that a definition is neither true nor false : it is on the contrary
useful or useless to understand the manifold varietes we are faced
with when dealing with languages.Pronominal personal foms may have
very different origins , such as Port. voce ( e with circumflex) which
can be used with the 3rd and ( particularly in Bresil) also with the
2nd verbal form. In spite of its etymology, it fits the randomly
properties conventionally chosen for the category 'personal pronoun'.
This fitting confirms that the random choice has proved as useful. Of
course, the same can apply to the Kor. word for "brother", unless it
shows peculiarities that do not fit with the 'random definition' we have
adopted starting from an onomasiological point of view.
Best , Paolo
Il Mer 7 Lug 2021, 19:18 Edith A Moravcsik <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:edith@uwm.edu">edith@uwm.edu</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:edith@uwm.edu"><mailto:edith@uwm.edu></a>> ha scritto:
Do we need to formulate a single definition for personal pronouns
for any one language? And, similarly, should we decide on the single
definition of the comparative concept of personal pronouns for
comparing languages? ____
__ __
The sole raison d’ẽtre of a category is its usefulness in
facilitating generalizations. If it turns out that a particular
definition of personal pronouns in, say, Korean is useful for that
language since it represents a cluster of properties, we may use the
label “personal pronoun” for that cluster – or we may of course
choose any other label. Personal pronouns defined in this way may
also have properties in common with other things such as nouns –
e.g. in Korean, the noun ‘brother’ can also be used as a pronoun;
and in many languages the plural of the third person pronoun follows
the nominal pattern. This does not mean that we have to discard the
original definition used for that language: we simply state the
properties shared by other things.
The same way, a comparative concept – i.e. a tool for
crosslinguistic comparison – will earn its status by leading to
correlations: that is, whether the particular definitional property
chosen implies or implied by other properties. Just as in describing
a single language we can start out with any definitions, the same
way we can try comparing languages in terms of any concepts. We do
not know ahead of inquiry what will work - this is an empirical
question. There may be alternative comparative concepts within the
same semantic domain each allowing for some correlates but not
others.____
__ __
All in all, whether for analyzing individual languages or for
comparing languages, the definition of a category or concept can be
quite randomly chosen to begin with. Whether the definition stands
or falls will be an empirical issue determined by the existence or
non-existence of property clusters emerging from that definition.
Is this correct? Or am I missing something?
Edith Moravcsik
____
__ __
__ __
*From:*Lingtyp <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>> *On Behalf Of
*Martin Haspelmath
*Sent:* Wednesday, July 07, 2021 6:13 AM
*To:* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
*Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"____
__ __
Here's a new version of the definition that addresses Ian's point
about Korean:
"A personal pronoun is a form that (i) denotes a speech role
(speaker/producer and/or hearer/comprehender) OR that is an
anaphoric form which does not contain a noun AND (ii) that can be
used in a complement clause coreferentially with a matrix clause
argument."
By saying "anaphoric form *that does not contain a noun*", we
exclude the Korean case where 'brother' can be used coreferentially.
Maybe one should add "ordinary noun" or "a noun that can be used
indefinitely", because someone might claim, for example, that
Spanish "usted" is still a noun (e.g. because it has the noun-like
plural "usted-es").
Guillaume Segerer remarked that "pronoun" implies that it is not a
noun, but my proposed definition of "personal pronoun" does not say
that a personal pronoun is "a kind of pronoun", because I don't know
how to define "pronoun" (with such traditional terms, an extensional
definition is often all we can give, e.g. "/pronoun/ is a cover term
for /personal pronoun/, /interrogative pronoun/, ...")
Re Mira's point about deictic uses of 3rd-person personal pronouns:
I would say that this is not definitional – if a 3rd-person form
cannot be used anaphorically, it will not be called "personal
pronoun". But of course, personal pronouns often have other uses as
well in particular languages. Comparative concepts rarely map
perfectly onto language-particular categories.
Guillaume also mentions person indexes (which are often included in
personal pronoun charts), and this led me to look again at what I
said in my 2013 paper about person indexes: I distinguish between
cross-indexes, gramm-indexes, and pro-indexes, and the latter are
actually included in "pronoun" (contrasting with "free pronouns").
So I now say that "a personal pronoun is a form that..." (not "a
personal pronoun is a free form that...").
Best,
Martin
____
Am 06.07.21 um 20:48 schrieb Mira Ariel:____
But what about (not so common, but attested) deictic references
(first-mention) to 3^rd person using "personal pronouns"?____
____
Mira____
____
*From:*Lingtyp [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>] *On Behalf
Of *Martin Haspelmath
*Sent:* Tuesday, July 6, 2021 1:48 AM
*To:* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
*Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"____
____
Maybe the following will work:
"A personal pronoun is a free form that (i) denotes a speech
role (speaker/producer and/or hearer/comprehender) OR that is
used as an anaphoric form AND (ii) that can be used in a
complement clause coreferentially with a matrix clause argument."
This is a disjunctive definition that brings together locuphoric
forms ('I', 'we', 'you') and 3rd-person anaphoric (or
"endophoric") forms, following the Western tradition (but not
following any kind of compelling logic).
It seems that personal pronouns need to be delimited from three
types of somewhat doubtful forms:
– person indexes (I do not include bound forms under "personal
pronoun" here, following my 2013 paper on person indexes:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1294059">https://zenodo.org/record/1294059</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1294059&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579177572%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=RbFRPnwDeMNZBZ6rSsbcgAFVtnzCtCLFLvJhSRf2Meg%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1294059&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579177572%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=RbFRPnwDeMNZBZ6rSsbcgAFVtnzCtCLFLvJhSRf2Meg%3D&reserved=0></a>)
– demonstratives
– titles like "Your Majesty"
I think that if a language has a form like "that-one" or
"your-majesty" that can be used coreferentially in a complement
clause, one will regard it as a personal pronoun:
(a) "My sister(i) thinks that that-one(i) has an answer."
(b) "Does your-majesty(i) think that your-majesty(i) has an answer?"
In German, the polite second-person pronoun "Sie" (which has
Third-Person syntax) can be used in (b), but the demonstrative
"die" can hardly be used in (a), so it would not count as a
personal pronoun (yet). However, in Hindi-Urdu and Mongolian, as
mentioned by Ian, the demonstrative can be used in this way (I
think), so it would count as a personal pronoun.
I don't think we need the general notion of "person" to define
"personal pronoun". Wikipedia's current definition is therefore
quite confusing (<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPersonal_pronoun&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=dD%2BshVMYknV2PzXdBgWrIIAYTUuUtpRdjQcgGctDfco%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPersonal_pronoun&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=dD%2BshVMYknV2PzXdBgWrIIAYTUuUtpRdjQcgGctDfco%3D&reserved=0></a>).
Thanks for this interesting challenge, Ian! It seems to me that
quite a few of our traditional terms CAN be defined, but their
definitions are not obvious at all (and the textbooks don't
usually give the definitions).
Best,
Martin____
Am 06.07.21 um 06:53 schrieb JOO, Ian [Student]:____
Dear typologists,
I’m having a hard time trying to find a definition of a
“personal pronoun”.
One definition is that a personal pronoun refers to a
literal person, a human being. But then again, non-human
pronouns like English /it/ are also frequently included as a
personal pronoun.
Another definition seems to be that “personal” refers to a
grammatical person and not a literal person.
Thus, /it/ refers to the (non-human) 3rd person, therefore
it is a personal pronoun.
But then again, demonstratives, interrogative, and
indefinite pronouns also refer to the 3rd person.
(This /is/ a book, who /is /that man,
anything /is /possible) Then are they also personal pronouns?
What’s the clearest definition of a personal pronoun, if
any?____
From Hong Kong, ____
Ian____
____
/Disclaimer:/____
/This message (including any attachments) contains
confidential information intended for a specific individual
and purpose. If you are not the intended recipient, you
should delete this message and notify the sender and The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University)
immediately. Any disclosure, copying, or distribution of
this message, or the taking of any action based on it, is
strictly prohibited and may be unlawful./____
/The University specifically denies any responsibility for
the accuracy or quality of information obtained through
University E-mail Facilities. Any views and opinions
expressed are only those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily represent those of the University and the
University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or
damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the
use of such information./____
____
___________________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list____
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=H8oB0zqDHmOTOetiBLJTbR0QZV3i%2F6R5KvhC5MI8BYk%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=H8oB0zqDHmOTOetiBLJTbR0QZV3i%2F6R5KvhC5MI8BYk%3D&reserved=0></a>____
____
-- ____
Martin Haspelmath____
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology____
Deutscher Platz 6____
D-04103 Leipzig____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579197560%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=TK90tJ3oOqHQGUVMtDY7ylGIOPpqeFAjpPEkwfyb%2FKM%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579197560%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=TK90tJ3oOqHQGUVMtDY7ylGIOPpqeFAjpPEkwfyb%2FKM%3D&reserved=0></a>____
____
-- ____
Martin Haspelmath____
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology____
Deutscher Platz 6____
D-04103 Leipzig____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579207553%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=XzWfv5vruYrbbr0%2FsD%2BDZE3dDmU3SQ4SLHkCg3FgyJA%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579207553%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=XzWfv5vruYrbbr0%2FsD%2BDZE3dDmU3SQ4SLHkCg3FgyJA%3D&reserved=0></a>____
_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"><http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp></a>
_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">------------------------------
Message: 2
Date: Fri, 9 Jul 2021 14:57:27 +0200
From: Martin Haspelmath <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de"><martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de></a>
To: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"
Message-ID: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:3cf1cc65-e9f5-939f-cb06-8f590789c06d@eva.mpg.de"><3cf1cc65-e9f5-939f-cb06-8f590789c06d@eva.mpg.de></a>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"
Dear all,
It’s actually very tricky to (retro-)define “pronoun” and related terms
in such a way that the definition corresponds to a large extent to the
legacy uses. Below I propose some definitions of ten terms that are
widely taken for granted. Can they be improved on? Four possible issues:
(i) There is no definition of the general term “pronoun” – I wouldn’t
know how to define it, other than by saying that the class comprises
personal, demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns.
(ii) Sebastian is right that people often use “pronoun” elliptically to
mean “personal pronoun”, but I find this usage confusing.
(iii) Possessive pronouns are sometimes taken to be on a par with
personal pronouns (especially in the well-known Indo-European
languages), but I think they are best thought of as a special subtype of
personal pronouns.
(iv) “Pronouns” are often taken to be “noun-like” (because of the
etymology of “pro-noun”), but I include interrogative adverbs like
“when” and demonstrative adverbs like “there” (following widespread
usage, also in my 1997 book “Indefinite pronouns”).
Best,
Martin
Am 09.07.21 um 11:29 schrieb Sebastian Nordhoff:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Dear all,
I think it is useful to have a look at the context in which "personal
pronoun" is used. There is an opposition to "possessive pronoun",
"reflexive pronoun" etc. So "personal pronoun" is the kind of pronoun
which is not possessive, which is not reflexive and so on.
If only "pronoun" is used, without further qualification, normally
"personal pronoun" is intended. If someone says "The pronouns of
language X and language Y are similar", the standard interpretation
would be that this refers to personal pronouns, rather than to reflexive
pronouns or the like.
Sometimes it is important to clearly state that you are not interested
in possessive/reflexive/interrogative pronouns. In those cases "personal
pronoun" is used. I see this as a shorthand for "subject/object pronoun".
Obviously, there are languages with very neat 2x3 paradigms, and there
are languages where the paradigms are fuzzy at the edges and you get kin
terms for reference and various politeness effects.
If one sees "personal pronoun" as "subject/object pronoun", the question
of whether a given form (eg in Korean) is actually third person becomes
moot.
So, the fact that we call a certain set of items "personal pronouns" is
probably due to a) opposition to other categories and b) tradition. It
should not be taken to imply that the category of "person" plays any
role in there. (After all, possessive pronouns also encode person, but
AFAICS they are normally not considered personal pronouns).
Best wishes
Sebastian
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_11 proposed definitions_
A *possessive pronoun *(or adpossessive pronoun) is a personal pronoun
that is used in adnominal possessive function.
A *personal pronoun* is (i) a locuphoric form or (ii) an anaphoric form
that is not a noun and that can be used in a complement clause
coreferentially with a matrix argument.
A locuphoric form (= a locuphor) is a form that denotes the
speaker/producer or the hearer/comprehender speech role.
An *anaphoric form *(or anaphoric pronoun) is a form that is primarily
used for anaphoric reference.
A *demonstrative (form)* is a form that can be used to direct the
interlocutors’ joint focus of attention to entities in the discourse
situation.
A *demonstrative determiner* is a demonstrative that fulfills its
function by occurring next to a noun in a nominal expression.
A *demonstrative pronoun* is a demonstrative that forms a nominal or
adverbial expression by itself without a noun.
An *interrogative (form)* is a form that can be used to specify the open
parameter in a constituent question.
An *interrogative determiner* is an interrogative that fulfills its
function by occurring next to a noun in a nominal expression.
An *interrogative pronoun *is an interrogative that forms a nominal or
adverbial expression by itself without a noun.
A *reflexive pronoun *is an anaphoric form that signals coreference with
an antecedent in the same clause and that forms a nominal by itself (cf.
Haspelmath 2021).
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap=""> __ __
*From:*Lingtyp <<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>> *On Behalf Of
*Martin Haspelmath
*Sent:* Wednesday, July 07, 2021 6:13 AM
*To:* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
*Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"____
__ __
Here's a new version of the definition that addresses Ian's point
about Korean:
"A personal pronoun is a form that (i) denotes a speech role
(speaker/producer and/or hearer/comprehender) OR that is an
anaphoric form which does not contain a noun AND (ii) that can be
used in a complement clause coreferentially with a matrix clause
argument."
By saying "anaphoric form *that does not contain a noun*", we
exclude the Korean case where 'brother' can be used coreferentially.
Maybe one should add "ordinary noun" or "a noun that can be used
indefinitely", because someone might claim, for example, that
Spanish "usted" is still a noun (e.g. because it has the noun-like
plural "usted-es").
Guillaume Segerer remarked that "pronoun" implies that it is not a
noun, but my proposed definition of "personal pronoun" does not say
that a personal pronoun is "a kind of pronoun", because I don't know
how to define "pronoun" (with such traditional terms, an extensional
definition is often all we can give, e.g. "/pronoun/ is a cover term
for /personal pronoun/, /interrogative pronoun/, ...")
Re Mira's point about deictic uses of 3rd-person personal pronouns:
I would say that this is not definitional – if a 3rd-person form
cannot be used anaphorically, it will not be called "personal
pronoun". But of course, personal pronouns often have other uses as
well in particular languages. Comparative concepts rarely map
perfectly onto language-particular categories.
Guillaume also mentions person indexes (which are often included in
personal pronoun charts), and this led me to look again at what I
said in my 2013 paper about person indexes: I distinguish between
cross-indexes, gramm-indexes, and pro-indexes, and the latter are
actually included in "pronoun" (contrasting with "free pronouns").
So I now say that "a personal pronoun is a form that..." (not "a
personal pronoun is a free form that...").
Best,
Martin
____
Am 06.07.21 um 20:48 schrieb Mira Ariel:____
But what about (not so common, but attested) deictic references
(first-mention) to 3^rd person using "personal pronouns"?____
____
Mira____
____
*From:*Lingtyp [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>] *On Behalf
Of *Martin Haspelmath
*Sent:* Tuesday, July 6, 2021 1:48 AM
*To:* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
*Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Definition of “personal pronoun"____
____
Maybe the following will work:
"A personal pronoun is a free form that (i) denotes a speech
role (speaker/producer and/or hearer/comprehender) OR that is
used as an anaphoric form AND (ii) that can be used in a
complement clause coreferentially with a matrix clause argument."
This is a disjunctive definition that brings together locuphoric
forms ('I', 'we', 'you') and 3rd-person anaphoric (or
"endophoric") forms, following the Western tradition (but not
following any kind of compelling logic).
It seems that personal pronouns need to be delimited from three
types of somewhat doubtful forms:
– person indexes (I do not include bound forms under "personal
pronoun" here, following my 2013 paper on person indexes:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1294059">https://zenodo.org/record/1294059</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1294059&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579177572%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=RbFRPnwDeMNZBZ6rSsbcgAFVtnzCtCLFLvJhSRf2Meg%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1294059&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579177572%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=RbFRPnwDeMNZBZ6rSsbcgAFVtnzCtCLFLvJhSRf2Meg%3D&reserved=0></a>)
– demonstratives
– titles like "Your Majesty"
I think that if a language has a form like "that-one" or
"your-majesty" that can be used coreferentially in a complement
clause, one will regard it as a personal pronoun:
(a) "My sister(i) thinks that that-one(i) has an answer."
(b) "Does your-majesty(i) think that your-majesty(i) has an answer?"
In German, the polite second-person pronoun "Sie" (which has
Third-Person syntax) can be used in (b), but the demonstrative
"die" can hardly be used in (a), so it would not count as a
personal pronoun (yet). However, in Hindi-Urdu and Mongolian, as
mentioned by Ian, the demonstrative can be used in this way (I
think), so it would count as a personal pronoun.
I don't think we need the general notion of "person" to define
"personal pronoun". Wikipedia's current definition is therefore
quite confusing (<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPersonal_pronoun&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=dD%2BshVMYknV2PzXdBgWrIIAYTUuUtpRdjQcgGctDfco%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPersonal_pronoun&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=dD%2BshVMYknV2PzXdBgWrIIAYTUuUtpRdjQcgGctDfco%3D&reserved=0></a>).
Thanks for this interesting challenge, Ian! It seems to me that
quite a few of our traditional terms CAN be defined, but their
definitions are not obvious at all (and the textbooks don't
usually give the definitions).
Best,
Martin____
Am 06.07.21 um 06:53 schrieb JOO, Ian [Student]:____
Dear typologists,
I’m having a hard time trying to find a definition of a
“personal pronoun”.
One definition is that a personal pronoun refers to a
literal person, a human being. But then again, non-human
pronouns like English /it/ are also frequently included as a
personal pronoun.
Another definition seems to be that “personal” refers to a
grammatical person and not a literal person.
Thus, /it/ refers to the (non-human) 3rd person, therefore
it is a personal pronoun.
But then again, demonstratives, interrogative, and
indefinite pronouns also refer to the 3rd person.
(This /is/ a book, who /is /that man,
anything /is /possible) Then are they also personal pronouns?
What’s the clearest definition of a personal pronoun, if
any?____
From Hong Kong, ____
Ian____
____
/Disclaimer:/____
/This message (including any attachments) contains
confidential information intended for a specific individual
and purpose. If you are not the intended recipient, you
should delete this message and notify the sender and The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University)
immediately. Any disclosure, copying, or distribution of
this message, or the taking of any action based on it, is
strictly prohibited and may be unlawful./____
/The University specifically denies any responsibility for
the accuracy or quality of information obtained through
University E-mail Facilities. Any views and opinions
expressed are only those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily represent those of the University and the
University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or
damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the
use of such information./____
____
___________________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list____
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=H8oB0zqDHmOTOetiBLJTbR0QZV3i%2F6R5KvhC5MI8BYk%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579187566%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=H8oB0zqDHmOTOetiBLJTbR0QZV3i%2F6R5KvhC5MI8BYk%3D&reserved=0></a>____
____
-- ____
Martin Haspelmath____
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology____
Deutscher Platz 6____
D-04103 Leipzig____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579197560%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=TK90tJ3oOqHQGUVMtDY7ylGIOPpqeFAjpPEkwfyb%2FKM%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579197560%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=TK90tJ3oOqHQGUVMtDY7ylGIOPpqeFAjpPEkwfyb%2FKM%3D&reserved=0></a>____
____
-- ____
Martin Haspelmath____
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology____
Deutscher Platz 6____
D-04103 Leipzig____
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522">https://www.shh.mpg.de/employees/42385/25522</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579207553%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=XzWfv5vruYrbbr0%2FsD%2BDZE3dDmU3SQ4SLHkCg3FgyJA%3D&reserved=0"><https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2Femployees%2F42385%2F25522&data=04%7C01%7Cedith%40uwm.edu%7Cfcf0475684e1463b39ba08d941382d63%7C0bca7ac3fcb64efd89eb6de97603cf21%7C0%7C0%7C637612532579207553%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=XzWfv5vruYrbbr0%2FsD%2BDZE3dDmU3SQ4SLHkCg3FgyJA%3D&reserved=0></a>____
_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"><http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp></a>
_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</body>
</html>