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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Jesús,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thompson & Longacre (1985: 182-183) have a brief but informative discussion of
<i>before-</i>clauses and present examples in Mandarin and Lakhota that demonstrate the preposed position. They also discuss a number of languages that have no lexical exponent for ‘before’; these require a negated verb stem to express a functionally-equivalent,
temporally antecedent proposition, and some additionally take a dependent-marking affix on their negated stems.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Mongsen Ao uses the preposed negated verb stem strategy in combination with a locative converb suffix or a temporal adverb to express ‘before’ – see Coupe (2007: 447-448) for textual examples. I
just elicited examples from my Yimkhiung and Khiamniungan social media contacts in eastern Nagaland and both these languages similarly use a negated verb to express ‘before’, so the pattern could be an areal feature of the TB languages of this region if it’s
not more widely attested in TB. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It’s likely that some languages permit pragmatics to determine the position of such clauses vis-à-vis the main clause, but an even stronger influence on structure could be the head-final typology
of clause-chaining languages like Ao, Yimkhiung and Khiamniungan that usually requires dependent converb clauses to precede their main clauses. That syntactic requirement may override any semantic preference for iconic ordering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Alec<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Coupe, Alexander R. 2007.
<i>A grammar of Mongsen Ao. </i>Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thompson, Sandra & Robert E. Longacre. 1985. Adverbial clauses. In Shopen, Timothy (ed.)
<i>Language typology and syntactic description Vol. II: complex constructions</i>, 171-234<i>.
</i>Cambridge: CUP.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Jesus Francisco Olguin Martinez <olguinmartinez@ucsb.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 12 July 2021 at 10:45 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Position of before-clauses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Dear all,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">I hope this email finds you well.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">As you know, it is expected that
<i>before</i>-clauses occur postposed to the main clause (e.g. <i>I left before she arrived</i>). This stems from the fact that they refer to a situation that occurs posterior to the one in the main clause
<a name="_Hlk58411225">(Diessel 2008: 470).</a> However, the position of the <i>before</i>-clause tends to be non-iconic in many languages of my sample (e.g.
<i>before she arrived</i>, <i>I left</i>).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">I was wondering if you know any languages in which the
<i>before</i>-clause can only occur preposed to the main clause (e.g. <i>before she arrived</i>,
<i>I left</i>). That is, are there any languages in which <i>before</i>-clauses only show non-iconic order? Any readings that have explored this aspect?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Thank you very much in advance.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"AR CENA",serif;color:#212121">Jesús Olguín Martínez</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"AR CENA",serif;color:#212121">Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Linguistics</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family:"AR CENA",serif;color:#212121">University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"AR CENA",serif;color:#212121"><a href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/jes%C3%BAs-olgu%C3%ADn-mart%C3%ADnez" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1155CC">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/people/jesús-olguín-martínez</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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