<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Dear Vladimir <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">I worked on this topic for my dissertation (2018). Someone else here mentioned the Elliot 2000 paper and I'd add Mithun 1995 "On the relativity of irreality" and Contini-Morava 2012 "(ir)realis and negation in Swahili", in my opinion those 3 are really helpful papers. <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">For my dissertation I worked on a language called Chini spoken in PNG, which (I could be wrong) has encoded realis/irrealis distinctions perhaps more robustly than any other described language. It's the primary distinction in the verbal morphology and the clause chain linkers also code realis vs irrealis. Let me know if you would like a copy of my dissertation, it is full of mistakes but the first chapter could be helpful. There I discuss the literature and go through (what I find to be) some of the main problems in approaching this area of grammar. <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Anyways my contribution here won't exactly answer your question but I'll mention just a couple things which I learned from working on this topic.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Personally I think this is one area of grammar where typology, blanket definitions, and assumptions about what can or can't be included within realis or irrealis – do not ultimately prove as representative or useful as we might wish. Just because we want nice and neat definitions for our publications doesn't mean that's the way things work, and when it comes to a grammatical distinction that runs the gamut of semantic and pragmatic meanings (not forgetting the other huge issue which is that culture doesn't ever go away), we shouldn't expect nice and neat or straightforward with realis and irrealis. (There are also a couple papers out there that claim to have "disproven" realis/irrealis, but for a number of reasons, I don't believe those end up working much less providing an alternative explanation for r/irr distinctions as they clearly do occur in a number of languages esp in New Guinea and the Americas).<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">One complication in the literature is that some languages have been described as having a (lone) realis or an irrealis category, while others have been described as having a realis-irrealis distinction. I think typologists ought to be careful not to mix these things up in the perusal of grammars, they're not the same thing even if there are semantic similarities.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Another
issue is the area of grammar where the distinction is marked. As Elliott and others point out, realis/irrealis
distinctions are found in verb morphology, in clause linking, and also
other places depending on the language. Best to keep the area of grammar separate lest we create unnecessary confusion.<br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Another
area of confusion, I think it's Bybee who pointed this out and it's
often ignored, is the issue of whether it's the realis or irrealis
marking which itself contributes the meaning, or whether the r/irr
marking merely co-occurs with another grammatical category in a language-specific construction. There's more
to say there but I think it's an important point. If a realis or irrealis affix is included in a negative verb form because it grammaticalized that way along with a separate negative marker, it's not the same as if the lone irrealis affix is doing the work of negation.<br></span></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">In my view a major</span> issue <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">that's not considered enough </span>is <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">differences in </span>methods and <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">evidence</span>.<span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"> For Chini I kept seeing that this mattered a lot. In particular</span> <span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">I found that the second I started looking at examples from naturalistic conversations, I saw people were using realis and irrealis constructions in all sorts of ways that elicitation could never have predicted, and which also didn't tend to show up in narrative. I wouldn't have even had the same analysis if I hadn't looked at conversational Chini, (in fact for the distinction in the clause chain linkers, I wouldn't even have had anything but a rudimentary analysis.) This gets at a bit of problem for typological comparison. If we are going to compare grammars that have very different approaches to /types of evidence, and then seek to derive typological definitions, we could be comparing apples with oranges without realizing it. I realize this is something we'll never get away from entirely, but for an area of grammar that is so notoriously "slippery", it seems especially important.<br></span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">My personal view is that like Mithun 1995 argues, there is a general trend that we can see across languages, that what is at issue is language-specific distinctions for what counts as being within the realm of reality vs the realm imaginary. I don't know about you but purely as a conceptual distinction, just in my social group alone, the differences in what's real vs imaginary between individuals even of similar cultural backgrounds are quite significant :-) So, we would expect the language-specific differences to be anything but minor, though many patterns can still be identified, of course. The role of culture is also central, and we can't ignore that. For ex if we are going to look into how realis and/or irrealis pattern with imperative constructions in a language, we have to start asking questions about what imperatives get used for in that culture. (In Chini culture, there's almost never any expectation for the compliance of the addressee, no matter what the relationship is, so that's really very different from say, Western countries, where the expectation for compliance is often the whole point). <br></span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Lastly, another point of consideration for typological comparison and fieldwork on this topic, is we shouldn't expect predictability or rigidity in the distribution of the two halves of the distinction. A number of works for ex predict that counterfactuals won't co-occur with realis marking. Well, in Chini, they do. It doesn't mean the whole jenga tower is going to collapse, it's just the way it is (in this case, for historical/contact reasons).</span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Cheers</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Joseph</span></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Jul 20, 2021 at 1:10 PM <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to<br>
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<br>
To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit<br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to<br>
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<br>
You can reach the person managing the list at<br>
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<br>
When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific<br>
than "Re: Contents of Lingtyp digest..."<br>
<br>
<br>
Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. realis: definition (Vladimir Panov)<br>
2. Re: realis: definition (Riccardo Giomi)<br>
3. Re: realis: definition (Juergen Bohnemeyer)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 11:04:11 +0300<br>
From: Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] realis: definition<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:CALeR4d555Em22cHrwLBA6r4KLgmb3czF1zovMHYAvc2DyB7o5A@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">CALeR4d555Em22cHrwLBA6r4KLgmb3czF1zovMHYAvc2DyB7o5A@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
I would be grateful you could recommend me works which provide typological<br>
definitions of *the realis*. Crucially, I wonder how it is distinguished<br>
from the assertive speech act or the declarative.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Vladimir<br>
-------------- next part --------------<br>
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<br>
URL: <<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20210720/c06012c0/attachment-0001.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20210720/c06012c0/attachment-0001.html</a>><br>
<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 2<br>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 15:23:31 +0200<br>
From: Riccardo Giomi <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt" target="_blank">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>><br>
To: Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc: <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] realis: definition<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:CA%2BKJqQGJTP6hNMZpE5noJTE-O6j0Fc6pibhH%2BfhvfDJvpKm93A@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">CA+KJqQGJTP6hNMZpE5noJTE-O6j0Fc6pibhH+fhvfDJvpKm93A@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear Vladimir,<br>
<br>
As far as I know, the 'standard' definitions of realis and irrealis are to<br>
be found in<br>
<br>
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. *Tense.* Cambridge: CUP.<br>
<br>
A more recent contribution, which specifically addresses these notions, is<br>
<br>
Elliot, Jennifer R. 2000. Realis and irrealis: Forms and concepts of the<br>
grammaticalisation of reality. *Linguistic Typology* 4(1), 55-90.<br>
<br>
In my understanding, realis and irrealis are modal notions relating to the<br>
reality or actuality status of states of affairs and usually (or, at least,<br>
often) encompass temporal oppositions such as future vs non-future and<br>
aspectual ones such as specific vs habitual. Assertive and declarative are<br>
illocutionary notions and contrast with interrogative, imperative, etc.<br>
(although 'declarative mood' is used with quite variable meanings in<br>
different descriptive traditions). But probably others can make these<br>
concepts more precise and add further, typologically-based definitions.<br>
<br>
Cheers,<br>
Riccardo<br>
<br>
Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>> escreveu no dia terça, 20/07/2021<br>
à(s) 10:04:<br>
<br>
> Dear colleagues,<br>
><br>
> I would be grateful you could recommend me works which provide typological<br>
> definitions of *the realis*. Crucially, I wonder how it is distinguished<br>
> from the assertive speech act or the declarative.<br>
><br>
> Best,<br>
> Vladimir<br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
><br>
<br>
<br>
-- <br>
Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br>
Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (FLUL)<br>
Departamento de Linguística Geral e Românica (DLGR)<br>
-------------- next part --------------<br>
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<br>
URL: <<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20210720/67e53435/attachment-0001.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20210720/67e53435/attachment-0001.html</a>><br>
<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 3<br>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 13:53:21 +0000<br>
From: Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
To: Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc: "<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] realis: definition<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:31385FF1-A0CA-4520-A60C-8CDDFCA97AC7@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">31385FF1-A0CA-4520-A60C-8CDDFCA97AC7@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear Vladimir — I hesitate to offer a definition that’s explicitly typological (for reasons I’ll mention below). But in unpublished work presented in various places (and versions), I’ve worked with a definition of realis mood for Yucatec according to which it locates the topic world inside (i.e., as part of) the utterance world. This assumes an ontology in which worlds are maximal spacetime entities that “grow” into the future, meaning their own past, but not their future, is part of them. <br>
<br>
This effectively makes realis mood very similar to non-future tense, with the crucial difference that, unlike a non-future tense, it cannot be used in past counterfactual contexts. I show that this prediction is borne out for Yucatec.<br>
<br>
Here is a version of the talk that specifically focuses on the distinction between realis mood and nonfuture tense:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/Bohnemeyer_2019_tenselessness_Lisbon.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/Bohnemeyer_2019_tenselessness_Lisbon.pdf</a><br>
<br>
And here is an earlier talk that focuses on the conflation of mood and viewpoint aspect in inflectional paradigms in Mayan languages:<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/Handouts/TLS_JB_v1.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/Handouts/TLS_JB_v1.pdf</a><br>
<br>
Now, the reason I hesitate when it comes to endorsing the above definition for typological purposes is that the “growing worlds” model will cause the entire past of the utterance world to be realis and none of the future. But I’m pretty sure there are languages in which the remote past is treated as irrealis, and others in which parts of the future (or perhaps we should say certain types of future time reference) are treated as realis.<br>
<br>
For typological purposes, I would suggest that a language has a realis-irrealis contrast if it classifies utterances in terms of whether they are (purported to be) about the real/factual world or not. What counts as “real” varies somewhat from language to language, but from my understanding of the typological literature, the crosslinguistic prototype seems to be the speech situation and at least part of its past, with the likelihood of inclusion perhaps decreasing with distance from the speech situation. <br>
<br>
Now, when it comes to distinguishing between ‘realis’, ‘declarative’, and ‘assertive’, in practice, there is of course a great deal of overlap in how these are used. That said, I would reserve the terms ‘declarative’ and ‘assertive’ for mood categories that classify utterances exclusively by speech act, i.e., all assertions/‘representational’ speech acts (in Searle’s terms) occur with the declarative, regardless of whether they concerns the real world, a future world, or some (present, past, or future) counterfactual scenario. <br>
<br>
Lastly, I should mention that Manfred Krifka recently developed a very different approach to the semantics of the realis/irrealis contrast in Daakie or Port Vato (Oceanic, Vanuatu):<br>
<br>
<a href="https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/SALT/article/view/26.566" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/SALT/article/view/26.566</a><br>
<br>
As I recall, Krifka’s proposal is based on presuppositions.<br>
<br>
Best — Juergen <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
> On Jul 20, 2021, at 4:04 AM, Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com" target="_blank">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
> <br>
> Dear colleagues,<br>
> <br>
> I would be grateful you could recommend me works which provide typological definitions of the realis. Crucially, I wonder how it is distinguished from the assertive speech act or the declarative.<br>
> <br>
> Best,<br>
> Vladimir<br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
<br>
<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
Subject: Digest Footer<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
<br>
<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
End of Lingtyp Digest, Vol 82, Issue 16<br>
***************************************<br>
</blockquote></div></div>