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<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">Khatso (Tibeto-Burman/Ngwi), a tonal SOV language spoken in
Yunnan, China, has a number of particles that pragmatically connect different
clauses; most of them are phrase final. However, there are a couple that
operate differently.</p>
<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">One, la35 (high rising tone) occurs after the verb but cannot
be phrase final; it must be followed by a small subset of phrase-final
particles, many of them emphatic. The most common function of la35 in discourse
is to contrast the current clause with preceding information, but sometimes it
serves to add information (such as the reason or effect of the earlier content)
or to signal that its clause is a wrap-up observation. Discourse context disambiguates
the meaning. Interestingly, la35 may be omitted in natural speech, but its tone
then replaces that of an adjacent syllable.</p>
<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">Another, tɤ44 links two clauses – though because of frequent
zero anaphora a clause may be a bare verb. Typically, in discourse each clause
sits in its own IU, but linking with tɤ44 requires that both clauses occupy the
same IU. So tɤ44 always occurs phrase medially. The pragmatic relationship
between the two clauses varies depending on what type of verbs are used and the
overall discourse context. It can be purposive, causal, resultative or temporal.</p>
<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">Also, the particle tɕo35 ‘then, so, thus’ (related to or originating
from Mandarin’s jiu <span style="font-family:DengXian;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin" lang="ZH-CN">就</span>) also
pragmatically connects clauses, often with a temporal or resultative sense. Its
canonical position is before the verb, but in actual practice can be found in
almost every position, including phrase finally. It is also used alone as a discourse
filler. As a result, it’s not uncommon for there to be multiple instances in a
single clause.</p>
<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">I can send more details if this is the kind of thing you’re looking
for.</p>
<p class="ydpb7f94335MsoNormal">Chris</p>
</div><div><br></div></div><div><br></div>
</div><div id="ydpa547ae76yahoo_quoted_9434596677" class="ydpa547ae76yahoo_quoted">
<div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;">
<div>
On Monday, August 9, 2021, 12:02:37 AM PDT, Ponrawee Prasertsom <ponrawee.pra@gmail.com> wrote:
</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><div id="ydpa547ae76yiv9976249973"><div><div dir="ltr">Dear all,<div><br></div><div>Does anyone know of language(s) with a discourse connective (roughly defined as any word that relates two event arguments expressed as clauses) that</div><div><br></div><div>1. Has a dedicated (fixed) position in the clause</div><div>2. Does NOT occur clause-initial or -finally</div><div><br></div><div>The example I have in mind is Thai /kɔ̂ɔ/ and Lao /kaø/, which always occur after the subject. I'm also wondering how much this is specific to Southwestern Tai (or Kra-Dai more generally). </div><div><br></div><div>I appreciate every help. Thank you all in advance.</div><div><br></div><div>Best regards,</div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee Prasertsom</span><br></div><div><br></div><div>Graduate student</div><div>Department of Linguistics</div><div>Chulalongkorn University</div></div></div></div></div>
</div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="ydpa547ae76yiv9976249973gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee Prasertsom</span><br></div><div><br></div><div>Postgraduate student</div><div>MSc Evolution of Language and Cognition</div><div>Centre for Language Evolution</div><div>School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences</div><div>University of Edinburgh<br></div></div></div>
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