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<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_GoBack"></a>Christian,<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think the phenomenon you refer to of languages where relative clauses are followed by demonstratives is unrelated to the phenomenon you are asking about. I have found many languages where demonstratives either obligatorily or optionally
occur at the end of postnominal relative clauses. Even in those languages where it is optional, it is a distinct use of the demonstrative since it is neither exophoric nor anaphoric.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We actually have something vaguely similar in English, as in<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Those people who have not been double vaccinated should be .....<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This use of <i>those</i> in English is distinct from other uses in that it is neither anaphoric or exophoric and only occurs as far as I know in noun phrases containing relative clauses.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Matthew<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, September 19, 2021 at 11:59 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] instant resumption<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
while working on Cabecar grammar, I have been struggling with a phenomenon which I do not recall having seen treated in the literature and which I have dubbed instant resumption. It is a kind of intraclausal anaphora involving an NP as antecedent and a demonstrative
pronoun as anaphor. A variant of this has been well-known as left-dislocation. In Cabecar, however, the construction has these properties:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
It does not necessarily involve left-dislocation. The antecedent NP may be anywhere inside the clause, even at its end.
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
The resumptive pronoun (the medial demonstrative, glossed D.MED below) may, in principle, come later in the clause. However, in 96% of the cases, it follows the antecedent immediately. It does this even at the end of the clause. I therefore assume that, at
the structural level, this is (putting it in grammaticalizational terms) no longer anaphora, but apposition.
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
The phenomenon is completely independent of the internal constituency of the antecedent; this may be a nominalized clause, a determined NP or even a pronoun. And it is independent of the syntactic function of the resumptive - or the entire appositional NP -
in its clause; it may be just any function available to an NP. <o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Instant resumption is always optional, although preferred in many cases.<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here are two examples; the antecedent is bracketed:<br>
<br>
E1. Rogelio jé m-á̱=ká̱=ju̱ bulía.<br>
[Rogelio] D.MED go-PROG=ASC=AM tomorrow<br>
‘Rogelio(, he) will climb tomorrow.’<br>
E2. jé rä sä yu-ä kië́ Pedro jé= i̠a̠.<br>
D.MED COP [1.PL form-NR name Peter] D.MED=DAT<br>
‘that is for the professor named Peter.’<br>
<br>
Unless you have seen this kind of construction before, you may think that my analysis is mistaken and the demonstrative is simply a postnominal determiner. Be assured that it is not. The language has prenominal determiners. And as said before, there are 4%
of distant resumption which would not be possible if the thing were a determiner.<br>
<br>
Certain phenomena I have seen in other languages come to mind:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2">
In Dagbani, the relative clause (described by Wilson 1963 and 1975) is followed by a particle
<i>la</i> which Wilson does not categorize but which looks like a demonstrative. <o:p>
</o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2">
In Wappo, the relative clause (described by Li & Thompson 1978) is followed by a demonstrative
<i>ce</i>, which at that time I thought was a postnominal determiner. <o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2">
In some Australian language which I do not recall, the case suffixes on nouns look like pronouns provided with the same case suffixes. Compare with this E2 above.
<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here are my questions to you:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
Have you seen instant resumption in other languages? <o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
Is there an established concept and term for the phenomenon which I have overlooked?
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
Is it a grammaticalized form of left-dislocation, as it appears to me, or is there some other base for it?
<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
How should we conceive its function at the grammaticalized stage? To me, it seems that it no longer has any cognitive or communicative function, but a mere structural function (if I may say so), viz. identifying a nominal expression as such by summing it up,
and thus demarcating it against the rest of the clause at least in configurations as E1.<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would be grateful for any help.<br>
Best, Christian<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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