<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Jussi,<div class="">In Chinese there are two words for ‘eye’, mù (目) and yǎn (眼)--the former is older than the latter--and both are used in ways relevant to what you are looking for:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The former is used for ’item’ of a larger whole, like in</div><div class="">目錄、書目、要目、條目、目次</div><div class="">mùlù, shùmù, yaōmù, tiáomu, mùcì</div><div class="">eye-record book-eye, important-eye, line-eye, eye-order</div><div class="">‘record of items’, ’table of contents’, ‘important points’, 'items in a text', ‘ordered list of items'</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The latter is used as a measure word for wells:</div><div class="">一眼井</div><div class="">yî yǎn jǐng</div><div class="">one eye well</div><div class="">‘one well’</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Hope this helps.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Randy</div><div class=""><br class=""><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">——</span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">Professor Randy J. LaPolla(罗仁地), PhD FAHA </span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">Center for Language Sciences</span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Campus</span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 15px;" class="">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, China</span><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><br style="font-size: 15px;" class=""><div style="font-size: 15px;">邮编:519000<br class="">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302<br class="">北京师范大学珠海校区<br class="">人文和社会科学高等研究院<br class="">语言科学研究中心 </div>
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 14 Oct 2021, at 3:39 AM, Jussi Ylikoski <<a href="mailto:jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi" class="">jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">Dear Colleagues,<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">In honor of World Sight Day (the second Thursday of October), I am looking for information about nouns denoting 'eye' being grammaticalized into singulative
markers of some kind.<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">The best-known example might be Hungarian
<i class="">szem</i> 'eye', which is, however, generally and obviously better considered a kind of classifier among other classifiers. However, many cognates of
<i class="">szem</i> in the easternmost (Samoyed, Khanty and Mansi) and the northernmost (Saami) branches of Uralic appear to deserve to be characterized as some kind of singulative markers, as seen in the following North Saami compound-like expressions that could,
in principle be reconstructed all the way to Proto-Uralic:<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">North Saami<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<i class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">čalbmi</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""> 'eye'<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<i class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">varra-čalbmi</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""> 'drop of blood' (~
North Khanty <i class="">wŭr-sem</i> id.)<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<i class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">jiekŋa-čalbmi</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""> 'particle of ice'
(~ Hungarian <i class="">jég-szem</i> 'hailstone')<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<i class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">muorje-čalbmi</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""> 'single berry'<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<i class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">vuokta-čalbmi</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""> 'single hair (on
a human head)'<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">Interestingly, similar 'eye' singulatives can also be found in the neighboring Ket (see Helimski's "<i class="">S</i>-singulatives in Ket" at <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2017-143-404/html" class="">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2017-143-404/html</a>),
but otherwise there seems to be little global information about the origins of singulative markers, and even less about potentially analogous singulatives based on 'eye' in particular.<o:p class=""><br class="">
</o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""><br class="">
</o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class="">Anne Storch's (2014: 278) grammar of Luwo contains the solitary example
<i class="">wɔ́ŋ jɛ́n</i> [eye chicken:COLL] 'one chicken', though. I am also aware of the colexification of EYE, SEED, GRAIN etc., which looks like a natural route to singulatives (<a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_1248" class="">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/subgraph_1248</a>).<br class="">
</o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">So I am wondering whether there are other similar 'eye' singulatives out there, in addition to Uralic and Yeniseian (and Luwo)?<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">Best regards,<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" class="">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" lang="FI" class="">Jussi<o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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