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<p class="MsoNormal">In Maa (Maasai), the expression <b><i><span lang="IS">sɪ́pa</span></i></b><i><span lang="IS">
</span></i>‘true!’ <span lang="IS">is based on a middle-formation of the transitive verb root
<b><i>sɪp</i></b> </span>´to strip completely clean’. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Depending on the nature of the object and context, the root <b>
<i>s</i></b><b><i><span lang="IS">ɪp</span></i></b><i><span lang="IS"> </span></i>can be rendered into English as meaning ‘strip completely clean, make spotlessly clean’, ‘make totally smooth’, ‘smooth out or bless a situation’, ‘do thoroughly’, ‘completely
ruin, destroy’, ‘justify a wrong by getting even -- to the point of killing someone’, ‘kill’, ‘say correctly (e.g. with good grammar and pronunciation), ‘speak truthfully’, ‘be completely certain of sth.’, ‘find out and substantiate the truth about sth.’<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">Doris Payne<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Wesley Kuhron Jones<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 21, 2021 9:51 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Peter Austin <pa2@soas.ac.uk><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Shirly Orr <orr.shirly@gmail.com>; <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG> <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Truth markers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">In Horokoi (previously known as Wasembo), a Trans-New Guinea language which I have just started documenting, there is a rich system of demonstratives. One of these, "khaingu" (that one), is used as a truth marker when uttered alone. The
speakers calque this into their Tok Pisin by saying "Em!" (It!) to mean "That's right!"<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">WKJ<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, Oct 21, 2021, 12:18 Peter Austin <<a href="mailto:pa2@soas.ac.uk">pa2@soas.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">The Gamilaraay language, traditionally spoken in northern New South Wales, has a particle giirr or giirru that appears in sentence-initial position to indicate that the proposition expressed by the following words is true, e.g. giirr ngaya
Gamilaraay guwaaldanha 'I truly/really am speaking Gamilaraay'. It can be used by itself as an interjection to express '(That is) true.'<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">If you want references or more examples email me.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Peter<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, 21 Oct 2021, 12:49 Riccardo Giomi, <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt" target="_blank">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">...And then of course you have the rhetorical/discourse-marker use of ablative
<i>vero</i> in Latin to mean 'in particular, specifically, that is', etc.. This survives in the Italian form
<i>ovvero</i>, which I would assume derives from agglutination of the disjunctive preposition/conjunction
<i>o</i> ('or') + <i>vero</i> ('true').<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">R<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Carl Whitehead <<a href="mailto:carlrwhitehead@gmail.com" target="_blank">carlrwhitehead@gmail.com</a>> escreveu no dia quinta, 21/10/2021 à(s) 06:52:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-CA">In Menya (Angan sub-family, Trans New Guinea family in Papua New Guinea), the expression for
</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘</span><span lang="EN-CA">true</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">’</span><span lang="EN-CA"> (often used as a response to a question or a affirmation of
agreement and also as an adjective or noun) is <i>naq</i></span><i><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ä</span> qaku</i><i><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ä</span></i>, where
<i><span lang="EN-CA">naq</span></i><i><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ä</span></i> is
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘</span>big<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">’</span> and
<i>qaku</i><i><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ä</span></i> is <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
‘</span>stump, base of a tree<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">’</span> or
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘</span>basis, reason<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">’</span>. In church circles, the expression is also used at the end of prayers as
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘</span>amen.<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">’</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Mira Ariel<br>
<b>Sent:</b> October 21, 2021 10:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Shirly Orr <<a href="mailto:orr.shirly@gmail.com" target="_blank">orr.shirly@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Truth markers<span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">Hi,</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A"> </span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">My student, Shirly Orr, and I are interested in truth markers, such as
<i>true</i>, <i>real, right</i>.</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">Are they frequently attested in natural languages?
</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">We're interested in etymological sources for them, as well as meanings they evolve to express.
</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">Any leads on literature we can dig up?</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A"> </span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">Thanks,</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A">Mira Ariel</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br clear="all">
<br>
-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (FLUL)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Departamento de Linguística Geral e Românica (DLGR)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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