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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Thanks, everyone!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">We know of the truth> intensifier evolution. I just had a paper on that in
<i>Studies in Lg </i> (Bardenstein and Ariel). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">We argue there that you don't actually have a truth marker evolving directly to an intensifier, but rather, through an intermediate stage of what we call 'counter-loosening'.
This seems to be the referential marking that Adam is talking about (by the way, reduplication as 'real' can be seen in 'salad salad').<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">And yes, 'true' is tricky to define. We take is as something like 'corresponding to the relevant state of affairs', our point being that for the most part speakers actually mobilize
this marker for OTHER discourse purposes (unexpectedness, agreement and more).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">What we're hoping to find is whether there is a typological study dedicated to truth markers out there. We'd like to know how prevalent it is in the world's languages.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Thanks!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Adam James Ross Tallman [mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu]
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<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 21, 2021 5:01 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG; Mira Ariel <mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Truth markers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Hey Mira,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Are you looking for referential modifiers or truth marking that scopes over predicates / whole propositions?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">For nouns / referential expressions in Chacobo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">"veridative" is marked through reduplication + -ria. For instance,
<i>honi </i>'man' vs. <i>honi honi-ria </i>'real man' which could be used to emphasize the man-like properties of a person.
<i>-ria </i>is a 'simulative', that by itself marks that something is similar to N... I don't think nominal reduplication occurs outside of this context.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">For propositions, the expression
<i>jabija </i>[haβiha] 'true', is the closest I can think of. It is <i>haβi </i>'custom, tradition, surely, obviously' with (probably)
<i>ha(a) </i>'yes'...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">But what is the main semantic test for knowing that something is a 'truth marker'? There are surely overlapping contexts here, but what 'true' even means seems like a very complicated
ethnographic question ... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Adam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, Oct 21, 2021 at 2:00 AM Mira Ariel <<a href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il">mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">Hi,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">My student, Shirly Orr, and I are interested in truth markers, such as
<i>true</i>, <i>real, right</i>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">Are they frequently attested in natural languages?
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">We're interested in etymological sources for them, as well as meanings they evolve to express.
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">Any leads on literature we can dig up?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">Thanks,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#44546A">Mira Ariel</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Adam J.R. Tallman<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Post-doctoral Researcher <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Friedrich Schiller Universität<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Department of English Studies<o:p></o:p></p>
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