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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>In Menya (Angan sub-family, Trans New Guinea family in Papua New Guinea), the expression for <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>true<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span> (often used as a response to a question or a affirmation of agreement and also as an adjective or noun) is <i>naq</i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>ä</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US> qaku</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>ä</span></i><span lang=EN-US>, where </span><i>naq</i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>ä</span></i><span lang=EN-US> is </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span><span lang=EN-US>big</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span><span lang=EN-US> and <i>qaku</i></span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>ä</span></i><span lang=EN-US> is </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span><span lang=EN-US>stump, base of a tree</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span><span lang=EN-US> or </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span><span lang=EN-US>basis, reason</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span><span lang=EN-US>. In church circles, the expression is also used at the end of prayers as </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span><span lang=EN-US>amen.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Mira Ariel<br><b>Sent:</b> October 21, 2021 10:00 AM<br><b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Cc:</b> Shirly Orr <orr.shirly@gmail.com><br><b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Truth markers<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>Hi,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>My student, Shirly Orr, and I are interested in truth markers, such as <i>true</i>, <i>real, right</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>Are they frequently attested in natural languages? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>We're interested in etymological sources for them, as well as meanings they evolve to express. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>Any leads on literature we can dig up?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#44546A'>Mira Ariel<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>