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<p><br>
</p>
<p>Perhaps this has been mentioned already: English 'very' derives
from OFr. 'verai' > MidE 'verray'/'verrai'.</p>
<p>Engl. 'very' is also used as a 'particularizer' ('this very man
...'; cf. König 1991, The meaning of focus particles); and
particularizers, in turn, sometimes seem to develop into
intensifiers. So there seems to be a chain of the following type
(cf. also Riccardo's comments on reflexives in Austronesian):</p>
<p>'true' > particularizer > intensifier > reflexive</p>
<p>First transition: 'truly ('verrai') this man' > 'this very
man'</p>
<p>The second transition seems to be attested in Breton
('end-eeun'), according to the Database of Intensifiers and
Reflexives, but I only have second hand evidence here (see Press
1986, A Grammar of Breton, pp. 100-101). In fieldwork done at the
beginning of the century I also found it in Chalcatongo Mixtec 'máá'
'self', supposedly < má<font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">ʔ</font>á
('very, exact'), but that's a bit speculative.<br>
</p>
<p>Best,<br>
Volker</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 21/10/2021 20:12, Peter Arkadiev
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:5360121634839834@mail.yandex.ru">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div>- ajrtallman@</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Dear Mira, dear colleagues,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>I don't remember if the development 'true' > 'however' has
been mentioned in this discussion. There was a nice paper by
Valentina Apresyan on the Russian "pravda" 'truth' in this
respect, see <a
href="https://publications.hse.ru/en/chapters/78449093"
rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://publications.hse.ru/en/chapters/78449093</a></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Best regards,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Peter</div>
<div> </div>
<div>21.10.2021, 20:32, "Mira Ariel"
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il"><mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il></a>:</div>
<blockquote>
<div lang="EN-US">
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Thanks,
everyone!</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">We
know of the truth> intensifier evolution. I just had
a paper on that in <em>Studies in Lg </em> (Bardenstein
and Ariel). </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">We
argue there that you don't actually have a truth marker
evolving directly to an intensifier, but rather, through
an intermediate stage of what we call
'counter-loosening'. This seems to be the referential
marking that Adam is talking about (by the way,
reduplication as 'real' can be seen in 'salad salad').</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">And
yes, 'true' is tricky to define. We take is as something
like 'corresponding to the relevant state of affairs',
our point being that for the most part speakers actually
mobilize this marker for OTHER discourse purposes
(unexpectedness, agreement and more).</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">What
we're hoping to find is whether there is a typological
study dedicated to truth markers out there. We'd like to
know how prevalent it is in the world's languages. </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Thanks!</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><a
rel="noopener noreferrer" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#1f497d;font-family:'calibri' ,
sans-serif"> </span></a></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><strong><span
style="font-family:'calibri' ,
sans-serif;font-size:11pt">From:</span></strong><span
style="font-family:'calibri' ,
sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> Adam James Ross Tallman [<a
href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu" rel="noopener
noreferrer" moz-do-not-send="true">mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu</a>]<br>
<strong>Sent:</strong> Thursday, October 21, 2021 5:01
AM<br>
<strong>To:</strong> <a
href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
rel="noopener noreferrer" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>;
Mira Ariel <<a href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il"
rel="noopener noreferrer" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il</a>><br>
<strong>Subject:</strong> Re: [Lingtyp] Truth markers</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"> </p>
<div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">Hey
Mira,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">Are
you looking for referential modifiers or truth
marking that scopes over predicates / whole
propositions?</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">For
nouns / referential expressions in Chacobo</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">"veridative"
is marked through reduplication + -ria. For
instance, <em>honi </em>'man' vs. <em>honi
honi-ria </em>'real man' which could be used to
emphasize the man-like properties of a person. <em>-ria
</em>is a 'simulative', that by itself marks that
something is similar to N... I don't think nominal
reduplication occurs outside of this context.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">For
propositions, the expression <em>jabija </em>[haβiha]
'true', is the closest I can think of. It is <em>haβi
</em>'custom, tradition, surely, obviously' with
(probably) <em>ha(a) </em>'yes'...</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">But
what is the main semantic test for knowing that
something is a 'truth marker'? There are surely
overlapping contexts here, but what 'true' even
means seems like a very complicated ethnographic
question ... </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">best,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'">Adam</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#4c1130;font-family:'courier new'"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"> </p>
<div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm">On
Thu, Oct 21, 2021 at 2:00 AM Mira Ariel <<a
href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il" rel="noopener
noreferrer" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il</a>>
wrote:</p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border-left-color:#cccccc;border-style:none none
none solid;border-width:medium medium medium
1pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;padding:0cm 0cm
0cm 6pt">
<div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">Hi,</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">My student, Shirly Orr,
and I are interested in truth markers, such as <em>true</em>,
<em>real, right</em>.</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">Are they frequently
attested in natural languages? </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">We're interested in
etymological sources for them, as well as
meanings they evolve to express. </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">Any leads on literature we
can dig up?</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">Thanks,</span></p>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><span
style="color:#44546a">Mira Ariel</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm">_______________________________________________<br>
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</blockquote>
</div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><br>
<br>
--</p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt 0cm">Adam J.R. Tallman</p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt 0cm">Post-doctoral Researcher</p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt 0cm">Friedrich Schiller
Universität</p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="font-family:'times new roman' ,
serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm
0.0001pt 0cm">Department of English
Studies</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
,
<p>_______________________________________________<br>
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</blockquote>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>-- </div>
<div>Peter Arkadiev, PhD Habil.</div>
<div>Institute of Slavic Studies</div>
<div>Russian Academy of Sciences</div>
<div>Leninsky prospekt 32-A 119334 Moscow</div>
<div><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:peterarkadiev@yandex.ru">peterarkadiev@yandex.ru</a></div>
<div><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://inslav.ru/people/arkadev-petr-mihaylovich-peter-arkadiev">http://inslav.ru/people/arkadev-petr-mihaylovich-peter-arkadiev</a></div>
<div> </div>
<br>
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