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Dear Ian,</div>
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There is an excellent online resource for colexifications, the Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications (<a href="https://clics.clld.org/" id="LPNoLPOWALinkPreview">https://clics.clld.org/</a>), with data from 3156 languages/varieties. For 'breast',
there are 7 colexifications in 2532 varieties, involving 'chest', 'nipple', 'udder' and 'milk' (<a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_131_BREAST" id="LPlnk300348">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_131_BREAST</a>). For 'drink', there are 17 colexifications
in 2079 varieties, involving most centrally 'bite', 'eat', 'suck', 'smoke (inhale)' and 'kiss' (<a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_47_DRINK" id="LPNoLPOWALinkPreview_1">https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_47_DRINK</a>). For 'mother', there are
18 colexifications in 2360 varieties, most centrally involving 'mother's sister', not surprisingly from the typology of kinship systems (see infomap
<a href="https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_6_FATHER-IN-LAW%20(OF%20MAN)" id="LPNoLPOWALinkPreview_2">
https://clics.clld.org/graphs/infomap_6_FATHER-IN-LAW%20(OF%20MAN)</a>. It is easy to explore these colexifications in detail with CLICS3.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Bill<br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Eric Melac <eric.melac@univ-montp3.fr><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, October 26, 2021 5:51 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Ege Baran Dalmaz <ebarandalmaz@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Colexification between 'mother', 'breast', and 'eat/drink'</font>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:12px">Dear Ian,</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:12px">It might not be exactly what you are looking for, but in Central Tibetan, the word for 'milk' and 'breast' are the same:
<em>'o.ma</em>, and the honoric verb for 'eat' and 'drink' are the same: <em>mchod</em>. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:12px">Best,</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:12px">Eric</span></p>
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<p>Le 2021-10-26 13:41, Ege Baran Dalmaz a écrit :</p>
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<div dir="ltr">Dear Ian,
<div>I just realized that in Turkish, there are some uncommon variations of the said words that could link a colexification of some kind. It is just an (un)educated guess that I have, though.</div>
<div>There is an uncommon way to refer to your mother in Turkish, as ['<a href="http://ma.ma">ma.ma</a>], it is mostly used by "western-oriented" people that do not use [an.'ne], the most common way to say mother in Turkish.</div>
<div>In child-directed speech, food and/or breast milk can be referred to as [ma.'ma], meaning food in general.</div>
<div>Also, breast in Turkish is [me.'me].</div>
<div>If these three could be thought to be colexified, I guess it would be helpful for you. The mother one ['<a href="http://ma.ma">ma.ma</a>] is not really common, but the other two for food and breast are quite common in standard Turkish.</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>EBD<br clear="all">
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<div style="font-size:12.8px">Ege Baran Dalmaz</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px">Boğaziçi University</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px">Graduate School of Social Sciences</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px">Department of Linguistics</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><a href="mailto:ebarandalmaz@gmail.com" style="color:#1155cc">ebarandalmaz@gmail.com</a> </div>
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<div class="x_gmail_attr" dir="ltr">Jess Tauber <<a href="mailto:tetrahedralpt@gmail.com">tetrahedralpt@gmail.com</a>>, 26 Eki 2021 Sal, 13:16 tarihinde şunu yazdı:</div>
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<div dir="ltr">In Yahgan (a critically endangered Native American language from Tierra del Fuego, which I've studied for nearly a quarter century), the standard word for 'mother' is da:bi (colon marks tenseness of the vowel preceding it in the keyboard-friendly
orthography I developed), while the set of words for 'breast' includes chvmmvsh (v represents schwa), chvmmvsha, chvmmvshka, tvmmvsha, while da:pvsh is both 'breast' and 'milk'. So traces of dialect mixing or augmentative/diminutive shifting of what were originally
variations on the same theme back in the day.
<div> </div>
<div>And 'eat' is normally atama, where ama represents 'food' in general (but fatty sea mammals used for food in particular). vndvpa is generic for 'meat'. In the inclement climate of Tierra del Fuego (cold and wet), inhabitants went around nearly naked, keeping
fires going at all times to warm themselves against. When they cooked they only rarely did so completely- usually only enough heat to melt the fat within morsels being prepared. They often woke at all hours of the night to have a nosh, and when they put on
weight by overeating, it would just as quickly melt off their bodies.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Another form likely related to the original set I mentioned above (and which I'm now only realizing) is muru:, meaning 'suck'. Because of the morphophonetic changes in word building, this shows up in combination as mush-.</div>
<div>The word for 'drink' is vla, and there appears to be a very old alternation (likely sound-symbolic) between /l/ and /sh/ in the language, based on internal reconstruction I did years ago.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>There is also a form ushkuru: meaning 'swallow, gulp down, eat' which appears to be part of this same system</div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>Jess Tauber</div>
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<div class="x_gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, Oct 26, 2021 at 4:29 AM ENRIQUE BERNARDEZ SANCHIS <<a href="mailto:ebernard@filol.ucm.es">ebernard@filol.ucm.es</a>> wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="x_gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left:1px solid rgb; padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:'times new roman',serif; font-size:large">Hi, Ian. In Cha'palaa, a language spoken in NW Ecuador, the root
<span style="line-height:107%">ču- appears in derivatives meaning "mother / breast / milk / drink". It is just a matter of adding nominal or verbal inflection.</span></span>
<div><span style="font-family:'times new roman',serif; font-size:large"><span style="line-height:107%">Enrique</span></span></div>
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<div class="x_gmail_attr" dir="ltr">El mar, 26 oct 2021 a las 10:00, Daniel Ross (<<a href="mailto:djross3@gmail.com">djross3@gmail.com</a>>) escribió:</div>
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<div>Dear Ian,</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The typical cross-linguistic association is with the form "mama" for mother, based on the phonetic articulation closest to nursing, which appears in too many languages to be coincidental or due to contact. (Variants of this follow, such as baba/papa for
'father' and some other CV-doublets. There's a whole series of them in Swahili, for instance: mama mother, baba father, dada sister, kaka brother, nyanya grandmother, and some others that aren't exact copies like babu father or mtoto child.)</div>
<div> </div>
<div>My guess would be that this association with "mother" could block other lexical developments for the word. This might be encouraged by mothers who want their child's first word to be referring to them, or at least that's the impression I have from American
culture.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>On the other hand, there may be further uses or derivations of this form in some languages, such as Latin
<em>mamma</em> 'breast' and other derivations like <em>mammalia</em> (class of animals producing milk, i.e. with breasts).</div>
<div> </div>
<div>A related proposal of an ancient cognate in the (now disputed) Amerind family is maliq'a ('swallow, throat'), from Greenberg and Ruhlen's 1992 paper "Linguistic Origins of Native Americans":
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24939295">https://www.jstor.org/stable/24939295</a> and Ruhlen then expanded this to claim a possible Proto-World etymology in his 1994 book
<em>On the Origin of Languages</em>. While many of us would be hesitant to accept such an extreme reconstruction, the data provided there from various languages and families is directly relevant to your question, and in fact could be a better explanation for
recurrent similar etymologies, rather than ancient relationship or coincidence, as appears to be the case with
<em>mama</em>. (These etymologies seem tied together, with the Indo-European variants of maliq'a meaning "milk", for example.)</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Daniel Ross</div>
<div>ALT Webmaster</div>
<div>Lecturer, UC Riverside</div>
<div> </div>
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<div class="x_gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, Oct 26, 2021 at 12:35 AM JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div dir="auto">Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
Are you aware of any language that colexifies (uses the same lexeme for) the following four concepts: 'mother', 'breast', and 'eat/drink'?<br>
The logic is that, the mother's breast is usually the first thing that a newborn baby "eats", so it would be natural if a language colexified these concepts, especially in baby-talk vocabulary.<br>
I would much appreciate your help.</div>
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<div>Enrique Bernárdez</div>
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