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<p>In Joola (Atlantic, Niger-Congo ; spoken in southern Senegal),
the reflexive suffix is -ooro. It may be regarded as formed with
-oor 'reciprocal' + -o 'middle'. The three are fully productive. I
am not sure that the speakers consider -ooro as composed of -oor +
-o, though.</p>
<p>Hope this helps</p>
<p>Guillaume</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Le 08/12/2021 à 18:15, Riccardo Giomi a
écrit :<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CA+KJqQFP0tgtAPFO+uit2HTrQdLoN20Czz0yF5Lv=3CxOGHEPg@mail.gmail.com">
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<div>Dear typologists,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I am looking for languages in which, with some predicates
at least, unambiguous expression of reflexivity is only
attained by combining two separate markers. Typically, the
elements participating in such "double-reflexive"
constructions (quotes needed) belong to one of the following,
broadly-defined classes:</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>- a valency-decreasing "middle" marker / intransitivizer
(usually, though not necessarily a bound morpheme);</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>- a reflexive, personal or logophoric pronoun;</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>- a so-called reflexive intensifier, i.e. an element that
functions like English reflexive pronouns in appositional or
adverbial position (e.g. <i>I myself swept the ground / I
swept the ground myself</i>).<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Below are a few examples of possible combinations of such
elements (I have harmonized the glosses used by the various
authors):<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Intransitivizer + reflexive pronoun: Kuuk Thaayorre</div>
<div><img src="cid:part1.AAD12963.5D6421D3@cnrs.fr"
alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" class=""
width="349" height="77"></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Intransitivizer + personal pronoun: Hmwaveke<br>
</div>
<div><img src="cid:part2.BC178860.270695A2@cnrs.fr"
alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" class=""
width="235" height="83"></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the (subject)
nominal and glossed 'SELF'): Dyirbal</div>
<div><img src="cid:part3.FC5D5B6D.56D8A618@cnrs.fr"
alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" class=""
width="197" height="84"></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the verb):
Mezquital Otomí
</div>
<div><img src="cid:part4.38619C9C.A4C67770@cnrs.fr"
alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" class=""
width="253" height="71"><br>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(Gast
& Siemund 2006: 368. The authors also give an example in
which the intensifier takes the longer form
<i><span lang="EN-GB">sε̌hε̒<span></span></span> </i>and
occurs as an unbound adverb-like element.)<br>
</p>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Intensifier (marked ergative, in apposition to the
(subject) nominal) + personal/logophoric pronoun (marked
absolutive)
: Tsakhur<br>
</div>
<div><img src="cid:part5.6859D11E.1E1CBAD3@cnrs.fr"
alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" class=""
width="272" height="92"><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>If any of you is aware of a language in which "double
marking" of reflexivity is the only option, that would be
especially helpful; but, more generally, I am interested in
all such constructions -- or possibly other, comparable ones
which I may be leaving out of the picture. (Please don't
bother signalling Germanic or Romance data like German <i>sich +
selbst</i> or Spanish <i>si + a si mismo</i> -- I am
already taking those into account.) <br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Many thanks in advance, best wishes,</div>
<div>Riccardo</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>References</div>
<div><span lang="EN-GB">Dik, Simon C. 1983. The Status of verbal
reflexives. In Liliane Tasmowski & Dominique Willems
(eds.), <i>Problems in syntax</i>, 231–255. New York
& London: Plenum Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span
lang="EN-GB"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span lang="EN-GB">Gaby, Alice. 2006. <i>A grammar of Kuuk
Thaayorre.</i> Melbourne: University of Melbourne
dissertation.<span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span lang="EN-GB">Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund. 2006.
Rethinking the relationship between SELF-intensifiers and
reflexives". <i>Linguistics</i> 44(2), 343-381.</span></div>
<div><span lang="EN-GB">Lyutikova, Ekaterina A. 2000. Reflexives
and emphasis in Tsaxur (Nakh-Dagestanian). In </span><span
lang="EN-GB"> Z. Frajzyngier and T. Curl (eds.), </span><span
lang="EN-GB"><i>Reflexives: Forms and Functions, </i>227-255.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
</span></div>
<div><span lang="EN-GB">Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2008.
Constructions
expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in
some Oceanic languages.
In Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (eds.), <i>Reciprocals</i>
<i>and reflexives: Theoretical and typological
explorations</i>, 105–168. Berlin & New York: Mouton
de Gruyter.<span></span></span>
</div>
<div><br>
-- <br>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br>
</div>
University of Liège</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Département de langues modernes : linguistique,
littérature et traduction</div>
<div dir="ltr">Research group <i>Linguistique contrastive
et typologie des langues</i></div>
<div>F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
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</blockquote>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<b>Guillaume Segerer</b><br>
<img src="/home/guillaume/Images/Pestiolade_ai.png">
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