<div dir="ltr">In Yahgan (critically endangered genetic isolate from Tierra del Fuego), the valence-reducing morpheme is verbal prefix ma(m)- (the second /m/ only showing up when the next morpheme is either /h/ or vowel initial. Logophoric pronoun is me:am (colon marks tenseness of vowel preceding it). SFAIK there isn't any true reflexive intensifier. ma(m)-..... -a:pai forms the equivalent reciprocal, and there is also a logophoric hvngvmbai (v represents schwa) for reciprocal. But use of me:am isn't obligatory before ma-, for example (me:am) ma-tu:-atama 'to feed oneself', where tu:- is causative prefix, and atama is 'to eat'. The parentheses (from the dictionary entry, penned in the 1870's, when most speakers were still monolingual) shows that me:am was a take-it-or-leave it affair. But my readings of the three biblical translations (New Testament Gospels of Luke, John, and Acts of the Apostles) leads me to believe that me:am makes the construction emphatic. Yahgan also had a suffix on pronouns of shape -tu: that rendered the meaning 'alone, only', probably from -tvpan with the same sense. For example ki:tu: 'he, she, it alone', with the ki:- from 3rd person coreference pronoun prefix kv- (the free pronoun is kvnjin).<div><br></div><div>Jess Tauber<br><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br>
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</table><a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"></a></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Dec 8, 2021 at 12:16 PM Riccardo Giomi <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear typologists,</div><div><br></div><div>I am looking for languages in which, with some predicates at least, unambiguous expression of reflexivity is only attained by combining two separate markers. Typically, the elements participating in such "double-reflexive" constructions (quotes needed) belong to one of the following, broadly-defined classes:</div><div><br></div><div>- a valency-decreasing "middle" marker / intransitivizer (usually, though not necessarily a bound morpheme);</div><div><br></div><div>- a reflexive, personal or logophoric pronoun;</div><div><br></div><div>- a so-called reflexive intensifier, i.e. an element that functions like English reflexive pronouns in appositional or adverbial position (e.g. <i>I myself swept the ground / I swept the ground myself</i>).<br></div><div><br></div><div>Below are a few examples of possible combinations of such elements (I have harmonized the glosses used by the various authors):<br></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + reflexive pronoun: Kuuk Thaayorre</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxpr3ky0" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="349" height="77"></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + personal pronoun: Hmwaveke<br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxpyjb02" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="235" height="83"></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the (subject) nominal and glossed 'SELF'): Dyirbal</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxqz8tc4" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="197" height="84"></div><div><br></div><div>
Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the verb): Mezquital Otomí
</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxqofs63" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="253" height="71"><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(Gast & Siemund 2006: 368. The authors also give an example in which the intensifier takes the longer form
<i><span lang="EN-GB">sε̌hε̒<span></span></span> </i>and occurs as an unbound adverb-like element.)<br></p></div><div><br></div><div>Intensifier (marked ergative, in apposition to the (subject) nominal) + personal/logophoric pronoun (marked absolutive)
: Tsakhur<br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxrhh6l5" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="272" height="92"><br></div><div><br></div><div>If any of you is aware of a language in which "double marking" of reflexivity is the only option, that would be especially helpful; but, more generally, I am interested in all such constructions -- or possibly other, comparable ones which I may be leaving out of the picture. (Please don't bother signalling Germanic or Romance data like German <i>sich + selbst</i> or Spanish <i>si + a si mismo</i> -- I am already taking those into account.) <br></div><div><br></div><div>Many thanks in advance, best wishes,</div><div>Riccardo</div><div><br></div><div>References</div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Dik, Simon C. 1983. The Status of verbal
reflexives. In Liliane Tasmowski & Dominique Willems (eds.), <i>Problems in syntax</i>, 231–255. New York
& London: Plenum Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Gaby, Alice. 2006. <i>A grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre.</i> Melbourne: University of Melbourne dissertation.<span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund. 2006.
Rethinking the relationship between SELF-intensifiers and reflexives". <i>Linguistics</i> 44(2), 343-381.</span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Lyutikova, Ekaterina A. 2000. Reflexives and emphasis in Tsaxur (Nakh-Dagestanian). In </span><span lang="EN-GB"> Z. Frajzyngier and T. Curl (eds.), </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Reflexives: Forms and Functions, </i>227-255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
</span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2008. Constructions
expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages.
In Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (eds.), <i>Reciprocals</i>
<i>and reflexives: Theoretical and typological
explorations</i>, 105–168. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<span></span></span>
</div><div><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br></div>University of Liège</div><div dir="ltr">
Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction</div><div dir="ltr">Research group <i>Linguistique contrastive et typologie des langues</i></div><div>F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)</div><div><i></i></div></div></div></div></div>
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