<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Dear Riccardo,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In Mwotlap (an Oceanic language of Vanuatu), the reflexive/reciprocal is usually unmarked: such interpretations are usually simply inferred from the co-reference between the agent and the patient [e.g. “I saw me”]. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">With a 3rd non-singular pronoun (dual, trial or plural), there is an ambiguity between </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(a) a simple transitive clause with distinct referents for agent & patient</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(b) a reflexive interpretation</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(c) a reciprocal interpretation</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus ex (1) has three interpretations:</div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">1) </span><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif"><b style="">Kōyō</b> mu-wuh mat <b style="">kōyō</b>.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="monospace"> 3du PFT-hit dead 3du</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </span><font face="arial, sans-serif"> a/ “They killed them.” <font size="1"> [2 people killed 2 other people, total 4 participants]</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="arial, sans-serif"> b/ “They killed themselves.” <font size="1"> [2 people committing suicide]</font></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="arial, sans-serif"> c/ “They killed each other.”</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Now, Mwotlap also has a reversive ('refactive'?) postverb <i>lok</i> 'back, again':</div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">2) </font><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Nok so m̄ōl <b style="">lok </b> l-ēm̄.</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 1sg Prosp return REVERS Loc-house</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> </font><font face="arial, sans-serif">“Let me go <b style="">back</b> home.”</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">3) </font><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Vap <b style="">lok </b> se!</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> say REVERS also</font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> </font><font face="arial, sans-serif">“Say it <b>again</b>!”</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">If you use that reversive <i>lok</i> in a sentence like (1) above, you disambiguate its meaning by ruling out interpretations (a) and (c); </span><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">essentially you're left with an interpretation as a reflexive:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">4) </font><font style="" face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif"><b style="">Kōyō</b> mu-wuh mat <b style="">lok</b> <b style="">kōyō</b>.</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="times new roman, serif"><font style=""> </font> </font><font face="monospace">3du PFT-hit dead REVERS 3du</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1"> ? <i>a/ “They killed them.” [2 people killed 2 other people, total 4 participants]</i></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1"> b/ </font>“They killed themselves.” <font size="1"> [2 people committing suicide]</font></div><font size="1"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> ? </font><font style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><i>a/ “They killed each other.” </i></font></font><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This seems to be the sort of structure you were looking for.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">____</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Reference: See page 372 of my dissertation:</div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><ul style=""><li style=""><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2001. <br><i><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#01">Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours: Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu</a></i>. <br>Doctoral dissertation in Linguistics, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne. 1078 pp.</font><br></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best,<br></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></span><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 8 Dec 2021 at 18:16, Riccardo Giomi <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear typologists,</div><div><br></div><div>I am looking for languages in which, with some predicates at least, unambiguous expression of reflexivity is only attained by combining two separate markers. Typically, the elements participating in such "double-reflexive" constructions (quotes needed) belong to one of the following, broadly-defined classes:</div><div><br></div><div>- a valency-decreasing "middle" marker / intransitivizer (usually, though not necessarily a bound morpheme);</div><div><br></div><div>- a reflexive, personal or logophoric pronoun;</div><div><br></div><div>- a so-called reflexive intensifier, i.e. an element that functions like English reflexive pronouns in appositional or adverbial position (e.g. <i>I myself swept the ground / I swept the ground myself</i>).<br></div><div><br></div><div>Below are a few examples of possible combinations of such elements (I have harmonized the glosses used by the various authors):<br></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + reflexive pronoun: Kuuk Thaayorre</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxpr3ky0" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="349" height="77"></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + personal pronoun: Hmwaveke<br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxpyjb02" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="235" height="83"></div><div><br></div><div>Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the (subject) nominal and glossed 'SELF'): Dyirbal</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxqz8tc4" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="197" height="84"></div><div><br></div><div>
Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the verb): Mezquital Otomí
</div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxqofs63" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="253" height="71"><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(Gast & Siemund 2006: 368. The authors also give an example in which the intensifier takes the longer form
<i><span lang="EN-GB">sε̌hε̒<span></span></span> </i>and occurs as an unbound adverb-like element.)<br></p></div><div><br></div><div>Intensifier (marked ergative, in apposition to the (subject) nominal) + personal/logophoric pronoun (marked absolutive)
: Tsakhur<br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_kwxrhh6l5" alt="immagine.png" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="272" height="92"><br></div><div><br></div><div>If any of you is aware of a language in which "double marking" of reflexivity is the only option, that would be especially helpful; but, more generally, I am interested in all such constructions -- or possibly other, comparable ones which I may be leaving out of the picture. (Please don't bother signalling Germanic or Romance data like German <i>sich + selbst</i> or Spanish <i>si + a si mismo</i> -- I am already taking those into account.) <br></div><div><br></div><div>Many thanks in advance, best wishes,</div><div>Riccardo</div><div><br></div><div>References</div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Dik, Simon C. 1983. The Status of verbal
reflexives. In Liliane Tasmowski & Dominique Willems (eds.), <i>Problems in syntax</i>, 231–255. New York
& London: Plenum Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Gaby, Alice. 2006. <i>A grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre.</i> Melbourne: University of Melbourne dissertation.<span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span>
<span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund. 2006.
Rethinking the relationship between SELF-intensifiers and reflexives". <i>Linguistics</i> 44(2), 343-381.</span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Lyutikova, Ekaterina A. 2000. Reflexives and emphasis in Tsaxur (Nakh-Dagestanian). In </span><span lang="EN-GB"> Z. Frajzyngier and T. Curl (eds.), </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Reflexives: Forms and Functions, </i>227-255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
</span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2008. Constructions
expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages.
In Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (eds.), <i>Reciprocals</i>
<i>and reflexives: Theoretical and typological
explorations</i>, 105–168. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<span></span></span>
</div><div><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br></div>University of Liège</div><div dir="ltr">
Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction</div><div dir="ltr">Research group <i>Linguistique contrastive et typologie des langues</i></div><div>F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)</div><div><i></i></div></div></div></div></div>
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