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Dear Riccardo,</div>
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Related to Randy’s case below, in Macro-Tani languages (Trans-Himalayan; Arunachal Pradesh, India and Tibet) an unambiguous reflexive requires both predicate marking and a reflexive NP (noun or pronoun). If there’s a reflexive NP, the predicate marking is obligatory.
If there’s only predicate marking, the sense can be ambiguous between reflexive (transitive stems only) and autonomous/emphatic (all stem types). The difference between the Macro-Tani case and the Dulong-Rawang case is that in Macro-Tani, the predicate suffix
doesn’t detransitivize. </div>
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Hope that helps,</div>
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Mark</div>
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<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0218" class="">https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0218</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/44850522/Subject_autonomy_marking_in_Macro_Tani_and_the_typology_of_middle_voice" class="">https://www.academia.edu/44850522/Subject_autonomy_marking_in_Macro_Tani_and_the_typology_of_middle_voice</a></div>
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<div class="">On 9 Dec 2021, at 1:33 pm, Randy J. LaPolla <<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" class="">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Dear
Riccardo,</span>
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The Dulong-Rawang language (Tibeto-Burman; northern Myanmar and south-western China) has a reflexive/middle marker that can be used with an emphatic pronoun, but doesn’t have to be. It is interesting to me that the languages you mention require a separate intransitiviser,
as in Dulong-Rawang the middle marker is itself used as an intransitiviser in non-reflexive/middle situations. See the following two papers for examples:</div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" class="">LaPolla, Randy J. & Yang, Jiangling. 2005. Reflexive and middle marking in Dulong-Rawang.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Himalayan Linguistics</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2: 1-13.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/pC87CzvkyVCMBQkoEC4SEHq?domain=dropbox.com" class="">https://www.dropbox.com/s/a0re9pcpsezi1i6/LaPolla_and_Yang_2005_Reflexive_and_Middle_Marking_in_Dulong-Rawang.pdf?dl=0</a></div>
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LaPolla, Randy J. 2000. Valency-changing derivations in Dulong/Rawang. In R. M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Changing valency: Case studies in</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">transitivity</i>,
282-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. </div>
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<a href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/VgTeCANpgjCNoLwABu8kMdc?domain=dropbox.com" class="">https://www.dropbox.com/s/rpz79eaat3ofafe/LaPolla_2000_Valency-changing_Derivations_in_Dulong_Rawang.pdf?dl=0</a> </div>
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Hope this helps.</div>
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All the best,</div>
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Randy</div>
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<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">——</span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">Professor Randy J. LaPolla（罗仁地), PhD FAHA </span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">Center for Language Sciences</span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Campus</span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span class="" style="font-size: 13px;">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<br class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<div style="font-size: 13px;" class="">邮编：519000<br class="">
广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302<br class="">
北京师范大学珠海校区<br class="">
人文和社会科学高等研究院<br class="">
语言科学研究中心 </div>
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<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 9 Dec 2021, at 1:15 AM, Riccardo Giomi <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt" class="">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div class="">Dear typologists,</div>
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<div class="">I am looking for languages in which, with some predicates at least, unambiguous expression of reflexivity is only attained by combining two separate markers. Typically, the elements participating in such "double-reflexive" constructions (quotes
needed) belong to one of the following, broadly-defined classes:</div>
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</div>
<div class="">- a valency-decreasing "middle" marker / intransitivizer (usually, though not necessarily a bound morpheme);</div>
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</div>
<div class="">- a reflexive, personal or logophoric pronoun;</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">- a so-called reflexive intensifier, i.e. an element that functions like English reflexive pronouns in appositional or adverbial position (e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">I myself swept the ground / I swept the ground
myself</i>).<br class="">
</div>
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<div class="">Below are a few examples of possible combinations of such elements (I have harmonized the glosses used by the various authors):<br class="">
</div>
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<div class="">Intransitivizer + reflexive pronoun: Kuuk Thaayorre</div>
<div class=""><span id="cid:ii_kwxpr3ky0" class=""><immagine.png></span></div>
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<div class="">Intransitivizer + personal pronoun: Hmwaveke<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><span id="cid:ii_kwxpyjb02" class=""><immagine.png></span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
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<div class="">Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the (subject) nominal and glossed 'SELF'): Dyirbal</div>
<div class=""><span id="cid:ii_kwxqz8tc4" class=""><immagine.png></span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
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<div class="">Intransitivizer + intensifier (attached to the verb): Mezquital Otomí</div>
<div class=""><span id="cid:ii_kwxqofs63" class=""><immagine.png></span><br class="">
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<div class="" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
(Gast & Siemund 2006: 368. The authors also give an example in which the intensifier takes the longer form<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">sε̌hε̒<span class=""></span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>and
occurs as an unbound adverb-like element.)<br class="">
</div>
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<div class=""><br class="">
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<div class="">Intensifier (marked ergative, in apposition to the (subject) nominal) + personal/logophoric pronoun (marked absolutive) : Tsakhur<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><span id="cid:ii_kwxrhh6l5" class=""><immagine.png></span><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">If any of you is aware of a language in which "double marking" of reflexivity is the only option, that would be especially helpful; but, more generally, I am interested in all such constructions -- or possibly other, comparable ones which I may
be leaving out of the picture. (Please don't bother signalling Germanic or Romance data like German<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">sich + selbst</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or Spanish<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">si +
a si mismo</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-- I am already taking those into account.)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
</div>
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<div class="">Many thanks in advance, best wishes,</div>
<div class="">Riccardo</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
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<div class="">References</div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Dik, Simon C. 1983. The Status of verbal reflexives. In Liliane Tasmowski & Dominique Willems (eds.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Problems in syntax</i>, 231–255. New York & London: Plenum
Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB" class=""></span><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Gaby, Alice. 2006.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">A grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Melbourne: University of Melbourne dissertation.<span class=""></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class=""></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund. 2006. Rethinking the relationship between SELF-intensifiers and reflexives".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Linguistics</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>44(2),
343-381.</span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Lyutikova, Ekaterina A. 2000. Reflexives and emphasis in Tsaxur (Nakh-Dagestanian). In<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Z. Frajzyngier and T. Curl (eds.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><i class="">Reflexives:
Forms and Functions,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>227-255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</span></div>
<div class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="">Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2008. Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages. In Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (eds.),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Reciprocals</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">and
reflexives: Theoretical and typological explorations</i>, 105–168. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<span class=""></span></span></div>
<div class=""><br class="">
--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
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<div class="">Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br class="">
</div>
University of Liège</div>
<div dir="ltr" class="">Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction</div>
<div dir="ltr" class="">Research group<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Linguistique contrastive et typologie des langues</i></div>
<div class="">F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)</div>
<div class=""><i class=""></i></div>
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