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In Spanish, the adverb <i>so</i> is exclusively employed with
insults in exclamative sentences. In the RAE dictionary, you can
find the following explanation: "para potenciar el significado del
adjetivo o del sustantivo al que antecede, generalmente con sentido
despectivo".<br>
<br>
Javier<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 15.12.2021 um 11:00 schrieb Paolo
Ramat:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAEaecYHwjZ3gu1mXTDeJF+MniqgJ6EcG81NoQVOzCBfdLODJhA@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">In Italian too <i>pezzo di X </i>'espèce de X' ,
as in <i>pezzo di idiota </i>and the very insulting,
derogating<i> (</i>but very much used)<i> pezzo di merda, </i>appears
just in derogating expressions: you will never hear <i> *pezzo
di genio, </i>nor<i> *pezzo di benefattore ! </i>This is,
I think, an argument for not considering the construct <i>'pezzo
di X ' </i>as belonging to the grammar (Maia).
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Paolo</div>
<div><br clear="all">
<div>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Prof. Dr.
Paolo Ramat</span>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">
<div>Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio
corrispondente<br>
<div>'Academia Europaea'</div>
<div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary
Member</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
<div>Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS
Pavia) (retired)</div>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">piazzetta Arduino 11 -
I 27100 Pavia</div>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">##39 0382 27027</div>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">347 044 98 44</div>
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<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno mer 15 dic 2021 alle
ore 07:48 Nigel Vincent <<a
href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>>
ha scritto:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Maia
is of course right that the English 'you X' is a way of
insulting people but that depends on X being an insult.
The same construction can be used to praise: 'you genius',
'you darling', etc.</div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Nigel</div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div>
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<div
style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">Professor
Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General
& Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">
<div><br>
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<div>Linguistics & English
Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and
Cultures<br>
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<div><span style="white-space:pre-wrap"></span>The
University of Manchester</div>
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<a
href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html"
target="_blank"
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<div id="gmail-m_-766327169779748147divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font
style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif"
color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Maia Ponsonnet <<a
href="mailto:maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 15 December 2021 1:54 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Jussi Ylikoski <<a
href="mailto:jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi</a>>;
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of
insults (?)</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Hello, </div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Doesn't
the English "you idiot" (you [insult]) qualify as an
example? </div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Copula-free
adposition is not standard in English predication, and
it seems largely limited to second person sing and
derogatory adjectives? </div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">French
has "espèce d'idiot" - not sure whether it qualifies as
grammatical or lexical. </div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </div>
<div>
<div
style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Cheers,
Maïa</div>
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<p
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style="font-size:small">Dr Maïa Ponsonnet</span><br
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<span style="font-size:small">Senior Lecturer,
Discipline of Linguistics</span></p>
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<div id="gmail-m_-766327169779748147x_divRplyFwdMsg"
dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri,
sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp
<<a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Jussi Ylikoski <<a
href="mailto:jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, 15 December 2021 6:09 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of
insults (?)</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Dear
Riccardo and all,</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">D’Avis
and Meibauer's paper "Du Idiot! Din idiot!
Pseudo-vocative constructions and insults in German
(and Swedish)" (<a
href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110304176.189%2Fhtml&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7Ccc94c4625b3c491e5c2808d9bf4e9dc5%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637751168309659999%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=Qm0dhs6L0wUoC0ozwJeshZnGlztNFYs2tB0%2FwjH91yo%3D&reserved=0"
id="gmail-m_-766327169779748147LPNoLPOWALinkPreview" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110304176.189/html</a>)
might be of interest; see also the thirty studies
referring to this paper according to Google Scholar:
<a
href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fcites%3D9645899484374998601&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7Ccc94c4625b3c491e5c2808d9bf4e9dc5%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637751168309659999%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=SiEIXLU6h58y3oPt6JDnSMiqxAD9CDEmDdvrhfbB%2F64%3D&reserved=0"
id="gmail-m_-766327169779748147LPlnk878646"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9645899484374998601</a> (and so
forth).</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Best
regards,</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Jussi<br>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<br>
<div>
<div
style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</div>
<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
<div
id="gmail-m_-766327169779748147x_x_divRplyFwdMsg"
dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt"
face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>Frá:</b>
Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
fyrir hönd Sebastian Nordhoff <<a
href="mailto:sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> þriðjudagur, 14. desember 2021
22:50<br>
<b>Til:</b> <a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Efni:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking
of insults (?)</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div><font size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt">
<div>Dear Riccardo,<br>
Sinhala has several levels of politeness in
imperatives (marked by <br>
affixes), one of which would be rendered as
"Do X, you $#!% !!!". I once <br>
nearly got beaten up when underestimating
the impact that the use of <br>
this form can have. I can look up the
reference if you want to.<br>
Best wishes<br>
Sebastian<br>
<br>
On 12/14/21 19:49, Riccardo Giomi wrote:<br>
> Dear all,<br>
> <br>
> A student of mine would like to
investigate the linguistic coding of <br>
> insults across languages. She is
particularly interested in finding out <br>
> whether languages can have dedicated
(uses of) grammatical <br>
> forms/constructions for this specific
purpose. The best example I could <br>
> come up with so far is the use of the
Portuguese third person reflexive <br>
> possessive adjective (determiner in
Brazilian Portuguese) /seu/sua/ with <br>
> epithets which are meant as insults. An
example would be<br>
> <br>
> /Cala=te, seu burro!/<br>
> <a href="http://shut.up.IMP.2.SG"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">shut.up.IMP.2.SG</a>
<<a
href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fshut.up.imp.2.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7Ccc94c4625b3c491e5c2808d9bf4e9dc5%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637751168309659999%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=Wsd38z3IS7%2FaqTyJkGPUkncKamWvN1IwGXTun%2F7NpTI%3D&reserved=0"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://shut.up.IMP.2.SG</a>>=2.SG.OBJ
3.SG.REFL.POSS <br>
> <a href="http://donkey.M.SG"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">donkey.M.SG</a>
<<a
href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdonkey.m.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7Ccc94c4625b3c491e5c2808d9bf4e9dc5%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637751168309659999%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=DAnllkzoCwHEhKOA07WYqh25abAsY2i7%2Fp4%2Bmj134VM%3D&reserved=0"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://donkey.M.SG</a>><br>
> 'Shut up, you idiot!'<br>
> <br>
> (Where, funnily enough, the third
person of the adjective/determiner is <br>
> presumably the polite form!) This is an
interesting case, I think, <br>
> because as far as I can see you never
use /seu/sua /in 'plain' <br>
> vocatives, nor with terms of
endearment, nor, for that matter, with NPs <br>
> which are not used as invocations.<br>
> <br>
> I am wondering whether anyone is aware
of a language which has some <br>
> grammaticalized form or construction
that can be used in this specific <br>
> way. Note that I am not interested in,
say, abusive pronouns or <br>
> honorifics or general expressions of
the speaker's disappointment <br>
> ('frustrative' markers) but only in
grammaticalized means of marking the <br>
> speech act as an insult.<br>
> <br>
> Many thanks in advance and best wishes
to all,<br>
> Riccardo<br>
> <br>
> -- <br>
> Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br>
> University of Liège<br>
> Département de langues modernes :
linguistique, littérature et traduction<br>
> Research group /Linguistique
contrastive et typologie des langues/<br>
> F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR -
FC 43095)<br>
> //<br>
> <br>
>
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href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7Ccc94c4625b3c491e5c2808d9bf4e9dc5%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637751168309659999%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=tXVv1UmQRpc6FL%2FBIEeQEkvgOZvHNaC%2BkzSfZI9wJ%2BY%3D&reserved=0"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
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_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a
href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"
rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Dr. Javier Caro Reina
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter
Romanisches Seminar
Universität zu Köln
Albertus-Magnus-Platz
D-50923 Köln
Tel.: +49(0)2214707087
Homepage: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://romanistik.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/23170.html">http://romanistik.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/23170.html</a></pre>
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