<div dir='auto'>Dear Andi,<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Thank you for your reply.</div><div dir="auto">The word 'bini' is originally the second person form of the verb 'didan' (to see) in subjunctive form. But it is fixed in this usage and the other forms are not used as question maker. Just the second person form is changed to question marker. It cannot be used in alternative questions. It is used in Hamedani Persian, actually a geographical variety used in a western city, surrounded by Turkish language. I don't know if it could be borrowed from Turkish or not? I found nothing about the verbal origin of question particles. Could I ask for any reference regarding your explanation to look at?</div><div dir="auto">Best</div><div dir="auto">Mohammad</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On 16 Dec 2021 13:37, hoelzlandreas@web.de wrote:<br type="attribution" /><blockquote class="quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="font-family:'verdana';font-size:12px"><div>Dear Mohammad,</div>
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<div>Thank you for this question and the data.</div>
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<div>Yes, "double marking" in content questions (if it actually is double marking) is attested in quite a number of languages. In Northeast Asia, I found this attested in over 40% of the languages I looked at (e.g., Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Yakut, Yukaghir etc.).</div>
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<div>If bin-i is truly a question marker, this also shows an interesting distribution that I tried to show with a semantic map (conceptual space) earlier. For Northeast Asia I found that over 70% of the languages do not use the same marking in polar and content questions. The most common type I found has polar question marking and unmarked content questions (except for the interrogative). But the same question marking can be found, for instance, in Japanese, Korean, Ainu, some Tungusic languages, some Mongolic languages etc. Can bin-i also occur in alternative questions or embedded questions?</div>
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<div>Is the marker only attested for second person? If yes, there is a cross-linguistic tendency for questions showing some sort of connection to second person (e.g., egophoricity). There are also several languages that do have a distinct marker for questions referrring to a second person (e.g., Qiang, transitive verbs in West Greenlandic, Kazakh, Dime etc.).</div>
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<div>The initial position of the question marker could be an areal feature (see Dryer's map in WALS).</div>
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<div>Verbs are not among the common sources for the grammaticalization of question markers in Northeast Asia, but I am not sure about other parts of the world. (More common developments might be OR > Q, NEG > Q, WHAT/WHICH/... > Q, NMLZ > Q etc.)</div>
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<div>I am not entirely certain about this construction in Persian, but questions of course have a connection to knowledge and seeing shows diachronic connections to this (e.g., German wissen 'to know < to have seen'). What variety of Persian is this?</div>
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<div>Best,</div>
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<div>Andi</div>
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<div style="margin:0 0 10px 0"><b>Gesendet:</b> Donnerstag, 16. Dezember 2021 um 08:33 Uhr<br />
<b>Von:</b> "mohammad rasekh" <mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com><br />
<b>An:</b> "LINGTYP LINGTYP" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br />
<b>Betreff:</b> [Lingtyp] content question maarker</div>
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<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">Dear all,</div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">A student of mine while gathering a spoken corpus for a geographical variety of Persian has noticed that this variety is using a fixed form of the verb to see, 'bin-i' (see-2SG) as polar question marker (1) and in content questions (2,3) along with wh-word:</div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"> </div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">1) bin-i miy-<i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black">ād?</span></i></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"> see-2SG come-3SG</div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">'Does s/he come?'</div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"> </div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">2) bin-i koj<i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black">ā-st?</span></i></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"> see-2SG where-be.3SG</span></i></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"> 'Where is s/he?'</span></i></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"> </div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">3) bin-i <i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black">ši <i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black">šod-e?</span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"> see-2SG what become-3SG</span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"><i><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:'times new roman' , serif;color:black"> 'What happened?'</span></i></span></i></span></div>
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif"> </div>
<div><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">Two questions:</span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">First: Is there any other language which uses a polar question marker originating from verb?</span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">Second: Is double marking of content questions attested?</span></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">All the best,</span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 );font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif;font-size:16px">Mohammad </span></div>
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<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'new york' , 'times' , serif">
<div style="font-family:'garamond' , 'times' , serif;font-size:13px">
<div><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </font></div>
<div><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Linguistics Department,</font></div>
<div><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Bu-Ali Sina University, </font></div>
<div><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Hamedan, Iran.</font></div>
<div><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Postal Code: 6517838695 </font></div>
<div><a href="https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand"><font color="#4c76a2" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand</font></a></div>
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