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I can't speak for the French but in English there is no ironic implication that I'm aware of. If I've been struggling with a problem and then a colleague suggests a solution I can say 'You genius! I hadn't thought of that' with no sense of irony. Similarly
a teacher might say to one of the class 'You clever girl/boy!'</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Maia Ponsonnet <maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 17 December 2021 11:41 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> MM Jocelyne Fernandez <mmjocelynefern@gmail.com>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of insults (?)</font>
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Hi Jocelyne, </div>
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It seems to me that in your examples, although the term "génie" is inherently positive, the addition of "à la con" or "de mes fesses" renders it negative. I think this works with any word.</div>
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In fact "de mes fesses" in my view can also imply a sense of usurpation, i.e. the person is not a true "x". E.g. "ouais, un copain de mes fesses" "a friend of my ass", means that the person is not a good friend. </div>
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But "Espèce de copain" doesn't work at all unless you're making a joke. </div>
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(Which I would have thought was the same in English, "you friend!" jokingly accusing someone to be a friend; or "you genius" in the same way; but maybe not.)</div>
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Cheers and many thanks for these interesting discussions, </div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of MM Jocelyne Fernandez <mmjocelynefern@gmail.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, 17 December 2021 12:53 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of insults (?)</font>
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<p>@Maia, Paolo, Riccardo</p>
<p>Of course, when you start looking for insult of colloquial language, counter-examples are numerous.</p>
<p>As for French, I would not assert that "espèce de" can never be used with a positive substantive – provided it is immediately followed by another expression that contradicts it, e.g.</p>
<p> - Espèce de (petit) génie à la con! <br>
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<p> ≈ (small) crummy genius!</p>
<p>- Espèce de génie de mes fesses!</p>
<p> ≈ genius of my buttocks!<br>
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<p>(Sorry for the over-familiarity, but such expressions can be found in spontaneous corpora, either ironical or referring to a previous co-text.)</p>
<p>Maybe it is a further argument for considering that "espèce de" is a lexical construction.</p>
<p> Best wishes from Quartier Latin</p>
<p> MMJocelyne Fernandez</p>
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<div class="x_x_moz-cite-prefix">Le 15/12/2021 à 12:17, Volker Gast a écrit :<br>
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<p>If you need some type of theoretical framework for this study, you could use Jonathan Culpeper's work on impoliteness, see for instance this paper on 'impoliteness strategies':</p>
<p><a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F300633947_Impoliteness_Strategies&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136900891580%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=cVZcjt%2F86Qr6NaLXNpu8Itvnv9%2BoGAyFNbkdgP48ERE%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300633947_Impoliteness_Strategies" shash="GLwULUObetMJ+pFmmxbNHY8MnZUgPOp3k9L/Sq8bWDbo8ashkSl/wKXgY5iB+uyOMKU5+OS4X+SqwkXLDA8ooCaNMWP5jCKmanSqc1ZPESZRM2ocx4aUHhx6dtSbQ4oh4idiTwMGn3312VsHmQV+cYwx75KJUAcntK7Sb8l0Xzs=">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300633947_Impoliteness_Strategies</a></p>
<p>Culpeper distinguishes eleven types of insults in Section 8 on 'impoliteness triggers' (referring to his own earlier work from 2011). He extended Brown/Levinston-style politeness theory to impoliteness -- communicative actions intended to damage someone's
(positive) face.</p>
<p>I doubt that languages have grammaticalized ways of expressing, for instance, positive impoliteness, in the same way as they encode positive politeness (e.g. in the V/T-forms of European languages). Perhaps you could consider the use of T-forms in a V-context
as impolite (and potentially offensive). I wouldn't regard the types of structures found in 'personalized negative vocatives' (Culpeper's term) "grammaticalized". I think they rather belong in the lexicon, but that's obviously a matter of definition.</p>
<p>Volker<br>
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<div class="x_x_moz-cite-prefix">On 15.12.21 11:39, Riccardo Giomi wrote:<br>
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<div>Dear all,</div>
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<div>Thank you very much for a nice set of data and references. This will be extremely useful.
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<div>I will reply to some of you privately, asking for further comments/data/references. In the mean time, any further feedback is of course more than welcome!</div>
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<div>@Maia & Paolo: I agree with Paolo that <i>pezzo di / espèce de</i> are not grammaticalized, although not for the reason he mentions. After all the working hypothesis is precisely that languages can have grammaticalized means of marking a speech act as
an insult, so, according to this hypothesis, the fact that <i>pezzo di X</i> never occurs with positively connotated epithets does not entail that the construction is not grammaticalized.</div>
<div>A different type of argument for regarding these as lexical constructions is the fact that premodifying adjectives must agree with
<i>pezzo </i>and not with the epithet (and I guess the same goes for French <i>espèce</i>), cf.
<i>brutt<u>o</u> pezzo di cretina</i>, as opposed to *<i>brutt<u>a</u> pezzo di cretina</i>. This suggests that
<i>pezzo </i>is the head of the construction; if it had been a grammaticalized element, I suppose agreement would have been with the epithet. At any rate, these nouns are not really reserved for marking a speech act as an insult -- they can also occur in other
types of speech act, e.g. declarative <i>Quel pezzo di X mi ha rubato la bici </i>
(roughly, 'That dirty X stole my bike').</div>
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<div>Best wishes to all,</div>
<div>Riccardo<br>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_x_gmail_attr">Paolo Ramat <<a href="mailto:paoram@unipv.it" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">paoram@unipv.it</a>> escreveu no dia quarta, 15/12/2021 à(s) 11:03:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">In Italian too <i>pezzo di X </i>'espèce de X' , as in <i>pezzo di idiota
</i>and the very insulting, derogating<i> (</i>but very much used)<i> pezzo di merda, </i>appears just in derogating expressions: you will never hear <i> *pezzo di genio,
</i>nor<i> *pezzo di benefattore ! </i>This is, I think, an argument for not considering the construct
<i>'pezzo di X ' </i>as belonging to the grammar (Maia).
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<div>Paolo</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_x_gmail_attr">Il giorno mer 15 dic 2021 alle ore 07:48 Nigel Vincent <<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>> ha scritto:<br>
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Maia is of course right that the English 'you X' is a way of insulting people but that depends on X being an insult. The same construction can be used to praise: 'you genius', 'you darling', etc.</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf
of Maia Ponsonnet <<a href="mailto:maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 15 December 2021 1:54 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Jussi Ylikoski <<a href="mailto:jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi</a>>;
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lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of insults (?)</font>
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Hello, </div>
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Doesn't the English "you idiot" (you [insult]) qualify as an example? </div>
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Copula-free adposition is not standard in English predication, and it seems largely limited to second person sing and derogatory adjectives? </div>
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French has "espèce d'idiot" - not sure whether it qualifies as grammatical or lexical. </div>
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Cheers, Maïa</div>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf
of Jussi Ylikoski <<a href="mailto:jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">jussi.ylikoski@oulu.fi</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, 15 December 2021 6:09 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of insults (?)</font>
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Dear Riccardo and all,</div>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size:10pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<br>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size:10pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
D’Avis and Meibauer's paper "Du Idiot! Din idiot! Pseudo-vocative constructions and insults in German (and Swedish)" (<a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110304176.189%2Fhtml&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901047734%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=epUSlpcyYNkWhFUtxjSROG4kA%2FN7nGCx3dZOBAdPyvU%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110304176.189/html" shash="DX9NmqnNYxQU4JmpgRSjy2UOFOvyyCT79jHIJ7N7MFK46mqB2f+RFtJ02fKrTzt6fqwxPoa66FEf3EqYRh1eNZu2NZKDTItMjMdIfDo3hrBcXA1Nv3KzQH/mVFM4rh6DjHPOMwX0GER/q8qxvtzKxpPdTpAQRF7lZBHTQKP/wEA=" id="x_x_gmail-m_-7318995592525743576gmail-m_-766327169779748147LPNoLPOWALinkPreview" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110304176.189/html</a>)
might be of interest; see also the thirty studies referring to this paper according to Google Scholar:
<a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fcites%3D9645899484374998601&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901047734%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=JV3exAEmpaPp6Y9kKvjw6jPWhSGmt8GgDRXQNv4wTKk%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9645899484374998601" shash="rxoGlrkXduLuQoiJ/X2Xo1ZAYwJrKQjs5GbS/4TwmfaMMSXDkNdL7pTjGcaI3bSLDEv/0aKxxBMSKPo4/3K7Ke5ni5aQ7H4f/I/85u1AmlkNxhxhuRNHiwtV4wnr6CjNuPGY5bVicBOXnTV6gUPE4gAxxAguyc9tof4qPt0Tfzg=" id="x_x_gmail-m_-7318995592525743576gmail-m_-766327169779748147LPlnk878646" target="_blank">
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9645899484374998601</a> (and so forth).</div>
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Best regards,</div>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size:10pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size:10pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
Jussi<br>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>Frá:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> fyrir hönd
Sebastian Nordhoff <<a href="mailto:sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> þriðjudagur, 14. desember 2021 22:50<br>
<b>Til:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Efni:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Grammatical marking of insults (?)</font>
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<div>Dear Riccardo,<br>
Sinhala has several levels of politeness in imperatives (marked by <br>
affixes), one of which would be rendered as "Do X, you $#!% !!!". I once <br>
nearly got beaten up when underestimating the impact that the use of <br>
this form can have. I can look up the reference if you want to.<br>
Best wishes<br>
Sebastian<br>
<br>
On 12/14/21 19:49, Riccardo Giomi wrote:<br>
> Dear all,<br>
> <br>
> A student of mine would like to investigate the linguistic coding of <br>
> insults across languages. She is particularly interested in finding out <br>
> whether languages can have dedicated (uses of) grammatical <br>
> forms/constructions for this specific purpose. The best example I could <br>
> come up with so far is the use of the Portuguese third person reflexive <br>
> possessive adjective (determiner in Brazilian Portuguese) /seu/sua/ with <br>
> epithets which are meant as insults. An example would be<br>
> <br>
> /Cala=te, seu burro!/<br>
> <a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fshut.up.imp.2.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901047734%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=OaDk%2F7hFrvRtpOBhfKwUevC8smNd3Chcubfwp7so7Kk%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://shut.up.imp.2.sg/" shash="JG45NcshqLKpygAv9+BAC1CaIFOgEnslqxVx4lLgK5dobbSVc5nV+koh2mhEy+bHYUDMJeIYD3LT+PbNKkCZHlj1u8frqezZI4egrMP/YGoBRJrTWfFMtQH5GYLmZLnA0qp4yQ34wjqleVqCA0d1y38W0+yn46rxO7gmtva+FP0=" target="_blank">
shut.up.IMP.2.SG</a> <<a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fshut.up.imp.2.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901203957%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=QiGh68aQjYiGJXFoTdzbzhPVG62KT%2B5KgkVLecDlf5Q%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://shut.up.imp.2.sg/" shash="gqIOCjMre+U4O0semQmmKb06m5oyVivWgg8uIhk1sXE1UGRT70H9h/i442EFcZ++TH/yKBEdy32YoeeusYuXT974/tpu8+Fb0GOw2xli8T99xvKr5z0dry14Z5f3uMcHoQFs1r8Pytr4WfpXIhaJ+KrIoZ9dvppgCcvHuFwHcNk=" target="_blank">http://shut.up.IMP.2.SG</a>>=2.SG.OBJ
3.SG.REFL.POSS <br>
> <a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdonkey.m.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901203957%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=OXB1nU8%2FpyDVV37ywRUycl5yM8UNldDFN0SEkUrkcJc%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://donkey.m.sg/" shash="SwrcPBn2zIXBz+zw0UZh7h5EmmxHgbov8Fqxbw99l/wl4wfmQkSQOQbxfS/a1OkPKjymh88QWraHwo2g+Fg8pUAnK2M7OrB+X5h6gKYbGA9iDbdXZgvkdCdaSPIbsndkOqW4ccEyNobeW7OZCmv2cCsWj76idcvhPvDTTR4Hmp8=" target="_blank">
donkey.M.SG</a> <<a href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdonkey.m.sg%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901360240%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=mXxOz4tSaZScIlns23tyjhfPdfYtwK%2FsIjlbKj88Tks%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://donkey.m.sg/" shash="z8T32/znywoNQE57TrJSCApjdXZ+RnP9PfgQ7rT803Ky8CEg0QkW9fld9ILo1cqu28+VUgNSM3Zr6zG4K7WkLmycU7akeECNdth6NHR4HmfKpt3QpgnMezE/ePh+9A3fx76pOZ2RJYJx4VtXVZB1sEP68LrSa9GckKqwnaAKVkk=" target="_blank">http://donkey.M.SG</a>><br>
> 'Shut up, you idiot!'<br>
> <br>
> (Where, funnily enough, the third person of the adjective/determiner is <br>
> presumably the polite form!) This is an interesting case, I think, <br>
> because as far as I can see you never use /seu/sua /in 'plain' <br>
> vocatives, nor with terms of endearment, nor, for that matter, with NPs <br>
> which are not used as invocations.<br>
> <br>
> I am wondering whether anyone is aware of a language which has some <br>
> grammaticalized form or construction that can be used in this specific <br>
> way. Note that I am not interested in, say, abusive pronouns or <br>
> honorifics or general expressions of the speaker's disappointment <br>
> ('frustrative' markers) but only in grammaticalized means of marking the <br>
> speech act as an insult.<br>
> <br>
> Many thanks in advance and best wishes to all,<br>
> Riccardo<br>
> <br>
> -- <br>
> Riccardo Giomi, Ph.D.<br>
> University of Liège<br>
> Département de langues modernes : linguistique, littérature et traduction<br>
> Research group /Linguistique contrastive et typologie des langues/<br>
> F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral fellow (CR - FC 43095)<br>
> //<br>
> <br>
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<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901516489%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=ZLGHRcyo2ICpTj9epUIohHMgWNXEzL43mxEFVVbY3qg%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" shash="bGAKKkUaHflpuprMXkJhZ+M7TT+QHjCrNEFNgcTbGrnKKfJmhuGfNqipLXX0gyiDE9Pujue58lngO+h6Y6McFltvVuD4vSMqkXkbqUtsrlySWY3u1lVYURrhDjG/4b0kDZGt4/5hC/QQ3nj+RkhQo0AogWsq4OEOHKQ6suYYZyE=">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
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<pre class="x_x_moz-quote-pre">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://aus01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=04%7C01%7Cmaia.ponsonnet%40uwa.edu.au%7C237a5407f6484670e3ba08d9c11958d9%7C05894af0cb2846d8871674cdb46e2226%7C0%7C0%7C637753136901672684%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=O5ljRo6R4pPT7Lz%2FAH%2FsbPxbBAOhcP7XO3H3jv6%2F0YA%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" shash="l2ii/0WHvaCB26or0VlNjF9S4YrBC37MMUpvw8hl1Yg4yU3gV4TFNO9EtwOzpDcskvRfCumZd2krNo2bgATe5xlaKwxj14ko92dNkfZ3Lga03ZXz90lEvFdbvh0P519Td0MKtYknuX/2SxoMK/l6DUl1HN2SlVlPgOic7kRb5qc=">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
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<div class="x_x_moz-signature">-- <br>
Prof. M.M.Jocelyne FERNANDEZ-VEST CNRS & Université Sorbonne Nouvelle</div>
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