<div dir="ltr">Don't forget drummed language. And one can imagine that if we had better noses and a bigger palette of odor producing glandular secretions we could have an olfactory language.<div><br></div><div>Jess Tauber</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jan 28, 2022 at 10:29 AM Adam Schembri <<a href="mailto:A.Schembri@bham.ac.uk">A.Schembri@bham.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of us in sign language linguistics distinguish language, modality, and channel. If we see face to face interaction as primary (and writing as
secondary), then natural languages exist in three modalities. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-Spoken English is a language in the auditory-oral modality.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-British Sign Language (BSL) is a language in the visual-gestural modality.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-Pro-tactile American Sign Language is variety of a language in the tactile-gestural modality.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some deaf people are born with Ushers Syndrome, which means they lose their vision over time, and they may shift from one modality to another (e.g.,
from visual-gestural ASL to Pro-tactile ASL) as their primary form of face-to-face communication. The Bay Islands community mentioned below is a multi-generational community of deaf people with Ushers Syndrome.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of course, English is often accompanied by head movements (e.g., nodding, shaking) and manual co-speech gestures in face-to-face communication, so
it includes visual-gestural aspects as well. The vocal tract, head, and hands are all different channels used in multimodal communication.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BSL is primarily in the visual-gestural modality, but it is also multi-channel: using manual signs, head movements, and mouth actions, for example.
Some bimodal-bilinguals may combine aspects of spoken English and BSL together as a form of multimodal communication.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adam<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Adam Schembri (he/him), PhD</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Professor of Linguistics</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Department of English Language and Linguistics</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Frankland Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:a.schembri@bham.ac.uk" title="mailto:a.schembri@bham.ac.uk" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(149,79,114)">a.schembri@bham.ac.uk</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Twitter: @AdamCSchembri</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><img border="0" width="92" height="65" style="width: 0.9583in; height: 0.677in;" id="gmail-m_-663537597743905121Picture_x0020_1" alt="/Users/schembra/Desktop/Screenshot 2021-02-07 at 14.49.24.png"></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><img border="0" width="144" height="40" style="width: 1.5in; height: 0.4166in;" id="gmail-m_-663537597743905121Picture_x0020_2" alt="signature_2040405135"></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of "<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr" target="_blank">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>" <<a href="mailto:francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr" target="_blank">francoise.rose@univ-lyon2.fr</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, 28 January 2022 at 14:26<br>
<b>To: </b>"<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt" target="_blank">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>" <<a href="mailto:rgiomi@campus.ul.pt" target="_blank">rgiomi@campus.ul.pt</a>>, Harald Hammarström <<a href="mailto:harald@bombo.se" target="_blank">harald@bombo.se</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b>LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Are there (can there be?) more than two modalities?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">note that the whistled modality (and also drummed, …) is not of the same type, as it is a rendering of the oral language.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Françoise<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">De :</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>De la part de</b> Riccardo Giomi<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> vendredi 28 janvier 2022 14:51<br>
<b>À :</b> Harald Hammarström <<a href="mailto:harald@bombo.se" target="_blank">harald@bombo.se</a>><br>
<b>Cc :</b> LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Are there (can there be?) more than two modalities?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Dear Ian, dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">I confess I had never thought about this before, but how about a taxonomy of modalities such as the following:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">↓Sensory channel / Mode→</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Verbal</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Graphic</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Acoustic</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Speaking, Whistling, others?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">―<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Visual</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Signing<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Writing, Drawings<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tactile</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tactile signing<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Braille<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">As many of you probably know, there have been various attempts to work out a graphic system for the representation of signed languages of the type I -- somewhat sloppily -- refer to as 'drawings', but I am not aware of any
really established convention (probably my ignorance). 'Verbal' is also a very tentative, and perhaps inaccurate term, but off the top of my head I cannot think of a better definition. Finally, the 'others?' in the acoustic/verbal cell refers to Daniel Everett's
work on Pirahã, a language for which the author has documented three other modes besides speaking and whistling (namely yelling, humming and singing), each with its own, distinct phonetics.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Everett, Daniel. 1985. Syllable weight, sloppy phonemes, and channels in Pirahã discourse. In Mary Niepokuj, Deborah Feder, Vassiliki Nikiforidou, and Mary Van Clay (eds.),
<i>Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>, 408-416. California: Berkeley Linguistics Society.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">O'Neill, Gareth. 2014. <span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmarticle-title">
Humming, whistling, singing, and yelling in Pirahã: Context and channels of communication in FDG</span>. In
<span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmgiven-names">Núria</span><span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmstring-name"> Alturo</span>,
<span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmgiven-names">Evelien</span><span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmstring-name"> Keizer</span> &
<span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmgiven-names">Llúis</span><span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmstring-name"> Payrató</span> (eds.),
<i>The interaction between context and grammar in Functional Discourse Grammar. </i>
Special issue of <i>Pragmatics</i> 24(2): <span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmfpage">349</span>–<span class="gmail-m_-663537597743905121gmail-nlmlpage">375</span>.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Riccardo<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Harald Hammarström <<a href="mailto:harald@bombo.se" target="_blank">harald@bombo.se</a>> escreveu no dia sexta, 28/01/2022 à(s) 01:54:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Hi Ian! There may be a third modality, tactile, attested on the Bay<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Islands off the Honduran coast where a critical mass of deaf-blind<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">people existed for perhaps three generations. If I understood it correctly,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">there's a hereditary disease which causes deafness at birth and (gradually)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">blindness later in life. So this group developed their own rural sign<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">language (Bay Islands Sign Language aka French Harbour Sign Language)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">which was continued in a tactile modality for those of age. While there<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">is little to no documentation on the actual signs in sign or tactile<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">modality, it seems clear that it is a sign language turned tactile, not<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">a tactile language developed independently of the other modalities. As such<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">it is perhaps not very different from most (all?) sign languages which can<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">be used in a tactile way optionally (e.g., in the dark), without losing too<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">much efficiency. The only difference is that this was possibly used by<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">a community (albeit small) as their main and only means of communication,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">and as far as I know such a congregation of deaf-blind people is attested<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">nowhere else, and might never happen again. The little information<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">available on the tactile language is due to Ali & Braithwaite (2021) but<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">I understand the genetic background to the disease has been researched<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">for much longer.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Of course, I would speculate that if there were a community of humans<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">who, for some reasons, could not use speech/sign/touch they would develop<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">a smell language or a taste language (assuming they could physically<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">produce the required amount of signals at will), so there could be all<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">five modalities corresponding to our senses.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">all the best, H<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Ali, Kristian & Ben Braithwaite. (2021) Bay Islands Sign Language: A<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Sociolinguistic Sketch. In Olivier Le Guen, Josefina Safar & Marie<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Coppola (eds.), Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas (Sign Language<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Typology [SLT] 9), 435-438. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Pada tanggal Jum, 28 Jan 2022 pukul 00.15 JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> menulis:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
about a year ago, there was a discussion on whether writing is a linguistic modality of its own right, like spoken or signed modalities.<br>
Although the majority opinion is that writing is simply a reflection of the spoken modality and not a modality by itself, I argued that written modality can be independent, based on several factors:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="FR">The deaf people can learn and write written languages without exposure to its spoken form;<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">Some parts of the written modality are untranslatable to speech (such as the bullets I am using here);<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">There are languages that have been used almost exclusively in written form, such as Classical Chinese, which is incomprehensible when read aloud in any spoken language (other than perhaps Old Chinese).<u></u><u></u></span></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">David Gil disagreed and argued that even if deaf person writes a written language, they are still in some sense communicating in a spoken language, just in its written form.<br>
For now, let's leave that discussion aside, and say that written modality is not an independent modality.<br>
The question I would like to ask is: Are there any other linguistic modalities? Or do we have only two - signed and spoken?<br>
If we have only two modalities, then is it hypothetically possible to have other modalities?<br>
Or are the two modalities biologically ingrained in our brains, and we can only truly acquire a language in either signed or spoken form?<br>
To me this seems to be a critical question regarding how we understand human language, yet to my knowledge, it has been seldom discussed. So I would appreciate your opinion on this issue.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR"><br>
>From Uppsala, <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR">Ian<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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