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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">note that the whistled modality (and also drummed, …) is not of the same type, as it is a rendering of the oral language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Françoise<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">De :</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>De la part de</b> Riccardo Giomi<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> vendredi 28 janvier 2022 14:51<br>
<b>À :</b> Harald Hammarström <harald@bombo.se><br>
<b>Cc :</b> LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Are there (can there be?) more than two modalities?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Ian, dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I confess I had never thought about this before, but how about a taxonomy of modalities such as the following:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">↓Sensory channel / Mode→</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Verbal</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Graphic</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Acoustic</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Speaking, Whistling, others?</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">―</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Visual</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Signing</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Writing, Drawings</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Tactile</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Tactile signing</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Braille</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">As many of you probably know, there have been various attempts to work out a graphic system for the representation of signed languages of the type I -- somewhat sloppily -- refer to as 'drawings', but I am not aware of any really established
convention (probably my ignorance). 'Verbal' is also a very tentative, and perhaps inaccurate term, but off the top of my head I cannot think of a better definition. Finally, the 'others?' in the acoustic/verbal cell refers to Daniel Everett's work on Pirahã,
a language for which the author has documented three other modes besides speaking and whistling (namely yelling, humming and singing), each with its own, distinct phonetics.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Everett, Daniel. 1985. Syllable weight, sloppy phonemes, and channels in Pirahã discourse. In Mary Niepokuj, Deborah Feder, Vassiliki Nikiforidou, and Mary Van Clay (eds.),
<i>Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>, 408-416. California: Berkeley Linguistics Society.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">O'Neill, Gareth. 2014. <span class="gmail-nlmarticle-title">
Humming, whistling, singing, and yelling in Pirahã: Context and channels of communication in FDG</span>. In
<span class="gmail-nlmgiven-names">Núria</span><span class="gmail-nlmstring-name"> Alturo</span>,
<span class="gmail-nlmgiven-names">Evelien</span><span class="gmail-nlmstring-name"> Keizer</span> &
<span class="gmail-nlmgiven-names">Llúis</span><span class="gmail-nlmstring-name"> Payrató</span> (eds.),
<i>The interaction between context and grammar in Functional Discourse Grammar. </i>
Special issue of <i>Pragmatics</i> 24(2): <span class="gmail-nlmfpage">349</span>–<span class="gmail-nlmlpage">375</span>.
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Riccardo<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Harald Hammarström <<a href="mailto:harald@bombo.se">harald@bombo.se</a>> escreveu no dia sexta, 28/01/2022 à(s) 01:54:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Ian! There may be a third modality, tactile, attested on the Bay<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Islands off the Honduran coast where a critical mass of deaf-blind<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">people existed for perhaps three generations. If I understood it correctly,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">there's a hereditary disease which causes deafness at birth and (gradually)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">blindness later in life. So this group developed their own rural sign<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">language (Bay Islands Sign Language aka French Harbour Sign Language)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">which was continued in a tactile modality for those of age. While there<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">is little to no documentation on the actual signs in sign or tactile<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">modality, it seems clear that it is a sign language turned tactile, not<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">a tactile language developed independently of the other modalities. As such<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">it is perhaps not very different from most (all?) sign languages which can<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">be used in a tactile way optionally (e.g., in the dark), without losing too<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">much efficiency. The only difference is that this was possibly used by<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">a community (albeit small) as their main and only means of communication,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">and as far as I know such a congregation of deaf-blind people is attested<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">nowhere else, and might never happen again. The little information<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">available on the tactile language is due to Ali & Braithwaite (2021) but<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I understand the genetic background to the disease has been researched<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">for much longer.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Of course, I would speculate that if there were a community of humans<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">who, for some reasons, could not use speech/sign/touch they would develop<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">a smell language or a taste language (assuming they could physically<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">produce the required amount of signals at will), so there could be all<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">five modalities corresponding to our senses.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">all the best, H<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Ali, Kristian & Ben Braithwaite. (2021) Bay Islands Sign Language: A<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sociolinguistic Sketch. In Olivier Le Guen, Josefina Safar & Marie<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Coppola (eds.), Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas (Sign Language<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Typology [SLT] 9), 435-438. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Pada tanggal Jum, 28 Jan 2022 pukul 00.15 JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> menulis:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
about a year ago, there was a discussion on whether writing is a linguistic modality of its own right, like spoken or signed modalities.<br>
Although the majority opinion is that writing is simply a reflection of the spoken modality and not a modality by itself, I argued that written modality can be independent, based on several factors:<o:p></o:p></p>
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The deaf people can learn and write written languages without exposure to its spoken form;<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
Some parts of the written modality are untranslatable to speech (such as the bullets I am using here);<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
There are languages that have been used almost exclusively in written form, such as Classical Chinese, which is incomprehensible when read aloud in any spoken language (other than perhaps Old Chinese).<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal">David Gil disagreed and argued that even if deaf person writes a written language, they are still in some sense communicating in a spoken language, just in its written form.<br>
For now, let's leave that discussion aside, and say that written modality is not an independent modality.<br>
The question I would like to ask is: Are there any other linguistic modalities? Or do we have only two - signed and spoken?<br>
If we have only two modalities, then is it hypothetically possible to have other modalities?<br>
Or are the two modalities biologically ingrained in our brains, and we can only truly acquire a language in either signed or spoken form?<br>
To me this seems to be a critical question regarding how we understand human language, yet to my knowledge, it has been seldom discussed. So I would appreciate your opinion on this issue.<o:p></o:p></p>
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From Uppsala, <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg"><o:p></o:p></p>
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