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Hi Raffaele,</div>
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There are many indications that Australian languages privilege talking about kinship, and have particularly rich and complex semantic structures, including trirelational terms ('the one who is your mother and my daughter, you being my granddaughter') in many
cases as well. See Murray Garde's 2013 book 'Culture, interaction and perrson reference'.</div>
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As a first attempt at theorising how one could account for this impact of cultural selection, I attach an article I wrote in 2003. But at the time that was rather programmatic. More recently, with Danielle Barth and other colleagues, we have been looking at
'parallax corpora' to see whether we can find differences across speech communities about how often reference is formulated in terms of kinship – see the second attached article (section §4.4). There are many many references to 'kintax' (a bit misleading since
it's also morphology) in the Australianist literature – some can be found in the reference lists for these 2 articles</div>
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Best Nick<br>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size:10pt">Nicholas (Nick) Evans</span></div>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size:10pt">CHL, CAP, Australian National University</span></div>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size:10pt">nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au</span></div>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size:10pt">I acknowledge the Ngunnawal people as custodians of the land on which I work, </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; background-color:rgb(255,255,255); display:inline!important; font-size:10pt">and
pay my respects to their elders, past and present.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size:10pt"> Their custodianship has never been ceded.</span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Raffaele Simone <rsimone@os.uniroma3.it><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 17, 2022 9:01 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Someone whose father ...</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="">Dear friends and colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="">many thanks for the rich, valuable information you have given me by answering my question. What I was looking for are kinship terms incorporating complex relational semantic structures. Actually, I am not interested
in the relatively well-known structure “a bereaved child” (“orphan”), but in its opposite “a bereaved parent”, apparently much more rarely implemented by an individual lexeme.</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="">It is very interesting that Australia seems to be the area where that structure is so extensively lexicalized. It does not seem to me this is the case in Europe as well. Is this for some cultural reason? For example,
for matters associated with inheritance law? </span><span lang="EN-US" style=""></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="">Thanks again and best, <br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Raffaele S.<br>
<span lang="EN" style=""></span><span lang="EN-US" style=""></span></p>
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<div class="x_moz-cite-prefix">Il 17/02/2022 04:26, Mira Ariel ha scritto:<br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Hi,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Hebrew has an adj.
<i>shakul</i> – one who lost a close relative. It must collocate with a noun, and specifically with mother, father, parent (less commonly, with brother and sister). Impossible with grandmother, uncle, grandchild, etc.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Note that a bereaved parent is most likely not symmetric with 'orphan'. An orphan is young. You wouldn't say about an adult that she
<b>is</b> (currently) an orphan. But the <i>shakul </i> adj. can apply till old age.
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Empathy, social consequences etc. determine the use, no doubt.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">By the way, Hebrew also has
<i>ariri</i> 'one who has no children' (distinct from <i>akar</i> 'can't have children'). This is also socially consequential. I'm not even sure if a parent who lost their only child would count as
<i>ariri</i> or not. It's certainly not the central meaning, although the consequence is the same – "the family is discontinued". Not surprisingly, this lexeme is disappearing these days.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Best,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Mira Ariel</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><a name="x__MailEndCompose"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></a></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp [<a class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jess Tauber<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, February 16, 2022 3:28 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Pier Marco Bertinetto <a class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it">
<piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it></a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> list, typology <a class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
<lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Someone whose father ...</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Perhaps the loss of a child is far more common in everyday experience (from failed pregnancy to accidents to disease than loss of an adult caregiver. Is there some sort of avoidance issue here leading to the relative rarity of such terminology?
A child is the responsibility of an adult, so losing one is a potentially a stain on their reputation, whereas loss of an adult is generally not usually the fault of the child. </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Jess Tauber</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">On Wed, Feb 16, 2022 at 4:47 PM Pier Marco Bertinetto <<a href="mailto:piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Dear Raffaele,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">looking at the issue from the other side (i.e., a child who lost her/his parents), you might consider this rather odd, idiosyncratic lexicalization of Wayana [way, Cariban]:
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><i>pikuku-tpë</i> (lit. child-RETROSPECTIVE) = ‘orphan’ (Camargo 2008, ex. 26).</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Camargo, Eliane. 2008. Operadores aspectuais de estado marcando o nome en wayana<br>
(caribe). LIAMES 8. 85–104. [Aspectual operators of state marking the noun in Wayana].</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Ciao</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Pier Marco</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal">Il giorno mer 16 feb 2022 alle ore 11:28 Raffaele Simone <<a href="mailto:rsimone@os.uniroma3.it" target="_blank" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">rsimone@os.uniroma3.it</a>> ha scritto:</p>
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<p>Dear colleagues, </p>
<p>words like <i>widower </i>and <i>orphan </i>imply a complex web of relationships. An orphan is someone whose father or mother has died; a widower is someone whose wife or husband has died.
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<p>Do you know any language in which there are words that mean "someone to whom a child has died", "someone to whom a brother or sister has died" etc.?</p>
<p>Thanks,</p>
<p>R Simone</p>
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