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I fully agree with Grev and Arnold that young scholars should be
taught to be skeptical of earlier claims and proposals – especially
in recent years, there's a widespread tendency in the society to
demand that we should "believe the science", rather than to be
critical of what the authorities tell us. So we cannot sufficiently
stress Robert K. Merton's point that "science is organized
skepticism". Yes, there is a lot more uncertainty out there than we
tend to suspect!<br>
<br>
And yes, when we can measure, we shouldn't guess, and for this, we
need precise units of measurement, i.e. clearly defined concepts for
comparison (I wrote about "measurement uniformity" here:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/2305">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/2305</a>). There is no room for "in-between
cases" when it comes to measurement – if necessary, our tools for
measurement must be made more precise.<br>
<br>
The risk that I was talking about earlier
(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/2021-December/009355.html">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/2021-December/009355.html</a>)
was that we might mistake our traditional terms (such as "clitic")
for something that really exists (though we haven't quite understood
it yet), and to treat cases that we are unsure about as something
that "is not a clear case". After all, why are we sure about "clear
cases of clitics" in the first place? <br>
<br>
The skeptical imperative goes all the way down, I would say. The
most radical approach would be to start from scratch and avoid all
traditional terms (because they are often associated with
nonskeptical attitudes), but more moderately, I suggest that we
provide precise definitions in our textbooks.<br>
<br>
Let's take another example, the term "lexeme". In my 2002 textbook
("Understanding morphology", p. 271,
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1236482">https://zenodo.org/record/1236482</a>), I defined it as "the set of all
word-forms that are so closely related that they are a single entry
in a dictionary", but this definition makes reference to a practical
mode of description (dictionary vs. grammar book) and is thus
inadequate as a theoretical concept. So here's a new proposal:<br>
<br>
<span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql oi732d6d ik7dh3pa
ht8s03o8 a8c37x1j fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb keod5gw0 nxhoafnm
aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id
hzawbc8m" dir="auto">
<div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q">
<div dir="auto" style="text-align:start">A lexeme is the set of
forms that minimally contain the same lexeme-stem, or one of
its suppletive counterparts, and that may only contain
inflectional affixes in addition.</div>
</div>
<div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q">
<div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br>
This definition is based on the term "lexeme-stem", for which
I propose the following definition:</div>
</div>
<div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q">
<div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br>
A lexeme-stem is a form containing at least one root that can
combine with inflectional affixes but does not contain any.</div>
</div>
</span><br>
These definitions are relatively simple and seem to conform largely
to our definitions, but they are meant purely as "units of
measurement" – they do not rely on the contentious (and improbable)
claim that "lexicon" and "grammar" are distinct cognitive modules.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 21.02.22 um 13:30 schrieb Hartmut
Haberland:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:43C03965-C781-41E0-8CBA-280880113EEB@ruc.dk">
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<div dir="ltr">As to in between cases, I always tried to tell my
students that the important thing was to understand why they are
in between cases, not to resolve them. </div>
<div dir="ltr">Hartmut </div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
<blockquote type="cite">Den 21. feb. 2022 kl. 13.20 skrev
Greville Corbett <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk"><g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk></a>:<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr"> Many thanks, Eltan, for this interesting turn.
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">A sobering question is “In ten years time, how
many people in this linguistics class are going to care
about the definition of phoneme, clitic or right node
raising?" If the proportion is small, then a linguistics
class can be invaluable in getting over messages which <i
class="">will</i> matter in ten years time, such as: <br
class="">
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<ul class="">
<li class="">beware of arguments from authority</li>
<li class="">respect the data</li>
<li class="">don’t guess when you can measure</li>
<li class="">beyond what we think we know there’s a
seething mass of uncertainly and ignorance out there</li>
<li class="">when we hit the ‘in-between’ cases, we
don’t throw our toys out of the pram, but we try to
understand the apparently clear cases better</li>
<li class=""><i class="">“... </i><span
style="font-style: normal;" class="">the intensity
of the conviction that a hypothesis is true has no
bearing on whether it is true or not</span>.” (Peter
Medawar: <i class="">Advice to a Young Scientist</i> 1979
p. 39)</li>
</ul>
<div class="">Very best, Grev</div>
<o:p class=""></o:p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<!--EndFragment-->
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 20 Feb 2022, at 11:45, Eitan Grossman
<<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext" moz-do-not-send="true">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">Hi all,
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I want to connect to the tangential
issue that Martin and Peter raised about
textbooks. I'm glad to see some discussion here of
pedagogy, which concerns a lot of us in our
everyday lives.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="arial,
sans-serif">In my experience, teaching terms and
concepts in linguistics tends to take one of two
forms: (i) either choose a simple definition and
hope or plan to complicate it for students down
the line, perhaps mentioning that things are
more complicated, or (ii) presenting a variety
of definitions from the outset, showing the
messiness of the field. This is not new, of
course - there is a very old poem composed in
Middle English about the multiple definitions of
the phoneme from the 1935 2nd <span style=""
class="">International Congress of Phonetic
Sciences, see below for the poem.*</span></font></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-family:
NimbusRomanNo9L; font-size: 11pt;" class=""><br
class="">
</span></div>
<div class="">Again, in my experience, both
approaches have advantages and disadvantages.
Students often feel more secure in their learning
when presented with something clear that they know
how to apply. On the other hand, under this
approach, it is not certain that students will
ever be presented with the terminological and
conceptual messiness that actually characterizes
linguistics, at least not until an advanced
degree, and this seems to me to be a lost
opportunity for intellectual exploration. In
general, I think we tend to follow our habits and
temperaments and perhaps to replicate (or revolt
against) what our various teachers did.</div>
<br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">In either case, it seems important to
be clear to ourselves about what practice we are
following, and to communicate to students that
this is a conscious choice, and recognizing that
whatever choice we make, it is an imperfect one
(not unlike life itself).</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I realize that this is a tangential
issue, unrelated to clitics per se, so if it is
something people want to discuss on another thread
(or not), that might be better.<br class=""
clear="all">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">Eitan</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><font
class=""
face="arial,
sans-serif">*From
a letter from
Jakobson to
Trubetzkoy: <span
style=""
class="">“After
the farewell
banquet, all
kinds of
diversions were
organized; that
is, some members
of the congress
made jocular
speeches, sang
songs, and the
like. Every time
the word<span
class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span
style="font-style: italic;" class="">phoneme<span
class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span
style=""
class="">turned
up, it aroused
an outburst of
universal
laughter. Horn
composed a poem
in Middle
English on the
themes of the
congress. It
ended in the
following
couplet:</span></font></div>
<div
class="gmail-page"
title="Page 1"
style="">
<div
class="gmail-layoutArea">
<div
class="gmail-column">
<p class=""><font
class=""
face="arial,
sans-serif">wat
is phonemes,
wat is sunds? </font></p>
<p class=""><font
class=""
face="arial,
sans-serif">twelf
men haf twelf
difinitiuns.</font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"
class=""><br
class="">
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
<span>_______________________________________________</span><br>
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</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a></pre>
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