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<p>Dear Marius,</p>
<p>The development you're looking at went most probably like that:
goal/benefactive > topic > ostensive (if you want to call it
like that). The topic function of =la is well-known in Classical
Tibetan:</p>
<p>de=la pha spreɣu byaṅ čhub sems dpaɣi rigs=su gyur=pa=ni (GLR
23v5–6)</p>
<p>that=DAT father monkey bodhisattva:GEN lineage=TERM
become(PRF)=NR=TOP<br>
</p>
<p>"concerning that (de=la), those who became
the lineage of the father, the bodhisattva-monkey [were ...]" <br>
</p>
<p>This is an NP, not a finite clause. It follows immediately after
the sentence: "In that way, because these people,
the inhabitants of the snow-clad Tibet, had descended
from both a
father-monkey and a mother rock-ogress, [they] have divided into
two kinds."
</p>
<p>The examples I know require the la-constituent to be fronted,
which fact, I think, might have triggered further changes.<br>
</p>
<p>With best wishes,</p>
<p>Joanna<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Lato","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS
Mincho";mso-bidi-font-family:
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New";mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"
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New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:BO;mso-no-proof:yes"><br>
</span></span></p>
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mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:BO;mso-no-proof:yes"><br>
</span></span></p>
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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2022-03-01 09:32, zemp marius wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAHytibchoxqYqBvR5Y+zv7cZePjcQTUBNT0D_NBeDjwgQD22Uw@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">Dear Riccardo, dear others,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">thanks for your valuable input. It allows me to
specify what I’m interested <a moz-do-not-send="true">in</a></span><span
class="gmail-MsoCommentReference"><span
style="font-size:8pt"><a class="gmail-msocomanchor"
id="gmail-_anchor_1" href="#_msocom_1"
name="_msoanchor_1" moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span></span></span></span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">.
In the Written Tibetan examples presented in my previous
email, as well as in the
following example from modern Central Tibetan,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><i><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">sem <span> </span>kjo-wa-laa<span></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">mind<span> </span>sad-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">nlzr-ost</span><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">‘How sad!’<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">-<i>la(a)</i> points to a clear manifestation
or a great
example of the property denoted by the nominalized verb.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">Which is why I think ‘ostensive’ might be a
good label
– While in ostensive definitions, one defines something by
pointing to a good
example, Tibetan -<i>la</i> points to a good or even great
example of what one
is talking about<a moz-do-not-send="true">.</a></span><span
class="gmail-MsoCommentReference"><span
style="font-size:8pt"><a class="gmail-msocomanchor"
id="gmail-_anchor_2" href="#_msocom_2"
name="_msoanchor_2" moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span></span></span></span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">What distinguishes the ‘ostensive’ use of
Tibetan -<i>la</i>
from most of the uses of goal cases you mentioned is that
this -<i>la</i> here could
be analyzed as finite, as it completes a sentence. While
pointing to a state of
affairs exemplifying the property denoted by the nominalized
verb, -<i>la</i> also implies that this state of affairs
currently applies, or is at least
currently experienced.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">Come to think of it, you could also analyze
this use
of the Tibetan goal case as an instance of insubordination.
For instance, you
could assume that someone using it in this way actually
means ‘look at (the
property denoted by the nominalized verb)!’ However, even if
we can think of such
a matrix <a moz-do-not-send="true">sentence</a></span><span
class="gmail-MsoCommentReference"><span
style="font-size:8pt"><a class="gmail-msocomanchor"
id="gmail-_anchor_3" href="#_msocom_3"
name="_msoanchor_3" moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span> </span></span></span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">(‘look
at [VN-<i>la</i>]!’, or perhaps also ‘feel [VN-<i>la</i>]!’
or ‘consider [VN-<i>la</i>]!’)
as being elided here, I would not assume that the meaning of
the ostensive
construction <i>equals</i> that facilitated by any of these
matrix sentences.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">In short, I’m actually looking for
cross-linguistic parallels for the <i>finite</i> or <i>predicative</i>
use
of a goal case.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">Best,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US">Marius<span></span></span></p>
<br>
<div id="gmail-_com_1" class="gmail-msocomtxt"><br>
<span style="background:yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%"
lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div id="gmail-_com_3" class="gmail-msocomtxt">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Dr. Joanna Bialek
Zentralasien-Seminar
Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</pre>
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