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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Sorry, a small typo occurred. It should
<i>co godzina </i>‘every hour’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Wiemer, Bjoern<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, May 26, 2022 2:16 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Items that make frequency/rate/tempo modifiers from nouns<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I want to second Johanna’s and David’s point as for the semantics of these constructions (as far as I have understood the point): it’s not about an increment, but just
distributive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> I also want to add some data. In Polish we have a very salient pattern<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
<i>co</i> (‘what’) + noun denoting a time interval (in the nominative),<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="PL" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">e.g.<i> co
</i></span><i><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">ch</span></i><i><span lang="PL" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">wila, co minuta, co godzin, co dzień / tydzień / miesiąc / rok
</span></i><span lang="PL" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> ‚every moment, every minute, every hour, every day / week / month / year‘<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">also with numerals, e.g.
<i> </i></span><i><span lang="PL" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">co dwie minuty, co trzy sekundy, co pięć tygodni ...</span></i><span lang="PL" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> ‚every two minutes, every three seconds, every five weeks …‘<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">less usually with indefinite numerals, e.g.
<i>co kilka chwil / dni …</i> ‘every couple of moments / days’,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">but we can find it also with nouns denoting a member from a cycle, at least if these are days of the week, e.g.
<i>co niedziela</i>. I’m not a native speaker, but for months this seems to work worse (e.g., ?<i>co lipiec</i> ‘every (year in) July’).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We can also find this pattern with expressions lik
<i>krok</i> ‘step’ or <i>rusz</i> (< <i>ruszać się</i> ‘move’ or <i>ruch</i> ‘movement’), which yields
<i>co krok</i>, co <i>rusz</i> ‘at every moment’ (i.e. very quickly one after the other); <i>rusz</i> is not used anywhere else (although it looks like a noun after back formation).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> Only with some of the aforementioned nouns do we find compounds yielding adverbs, e.g.
<i>codziennie</i> ‘daily’, <i>corocznie</i> ‚yearly‘. This is much less productive (if at all). It can be compared to the German (more productive) pattern in
<i>stündlich</i> (< <i>Stunde</i>), <i>täglich</i> (< <i>Tag</i>), <i>monatlich</i> (<<i> Monat</i>), etc. (seems to work only “above” the interval of minutes, since
<i>minütlich</i> or <i>sekündlich</i> sounds weird).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> The Polish pattern is remarkable since the nouns are used in the nominative case (distinguished from the accusative in feminine nouns, as in<i> niedziel-a</i>
‘Sunday’), while normally one would expect to appear nouns in time adverbials to be expressed in the accusative (or a case required by a numeral); this is what we see, e.g., in Russian. The Polish pattern (with the noun in the nominative) is encountered also
in Lithuanian, but I suspect that it is less widespread (i.e. lexically more restricted). Compare kas
</span><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">savaitė
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">‘every week‘, but
</span><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">?kas diena, ?kas mėnuo, ?kas metai ‘every day, month, year‘. However
<i>kas</i> ‘what/who‘ occurs as first member of adverbial compounds (as in Polish above), but, again, only with some nouns (deprived of their case-number endings) e.g. kasdien ‘daily‘, kasmet ‘yearly‘. Looks like a micro-areal phenomenon, actually.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> Please not that these remarks are casual, and I am unaware of how particular grammars or other linguistic descriptions call these phenomena (if they give
it a particular name at all).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Apart from these cases, formations with reduplication, like Germ.
<i>Schritt für Schritt</i>, Russ. </span><i><span lang="CS" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">šag za šagom</span></i><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">, Pol.<i> krok za krokiem</i> ‘step by step‘, seem to
be widespread (e.g., Germ. <i>Tropfen für Tropfen</i>, Russ. <i>kaplja za kaplej</i> lit. ‘drop by drop‘). However, as noted, these usually are not related to incrementality (although they can, e.g. Germ.
<i>Schritt für Schritt kam er seinem Ziel näher (bis er es schließlich erreichte)
</i>‘Step by step he was approaching his goal (until he finally reached it)‘). <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">What about idioms like Germ.
<i>auf Schritt und Tritt </i>lit. ‘on step and kick‘, i.e. ‘permanently, all the time‘, often with a negative touch of obsessive behavior, or just to mark attentiveness or stubbornness)? Do these belong to the class of expressions you are looking for?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Björn.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="LT" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>David Gil<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, May 23, 2022 10:44 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Items that make frequency/rate/tempo modifiers from nouns<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Dear all,<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I would tend to agree with Johanna that most or all of the cases of reduplicated nouns cited by Liz involve distributivity. Cross-linguistically, reduplication is the most widespread
strategy for marking the distributive-share in a relationship of distributivity. The most common case is that in which reduplication marking the distributive-share occurs on numerals (see
<a href="https://wals.info/chapter/54">https://wals.info/chapter/54</a>); however, in some languages, the construction generalizes from numerals to other word classes, including verbs, adjectives, and — as in the examples cited by Liz — also nouns.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">For example, in the Hebrew<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">(1) hem arzu mizvada-mizvada<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 3PLM pack.PST.3PL DISTR~suitcase<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 'They packed one suitcase at a time'<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">the activity of packing is conceived as mereologically plural, denoting a set of packing sub-activities, each of which is associated with a single suitcase. Thus, the packing is
the distributive key, and the suitcase its distributive share. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">For distributivity to obtain, there must be a plural distributive key; otherwise it is blocked. (This is why you can't say *Mary ate three apples each.) In many cases, as in (1)
above, the plural distributive key is verbal, giving rise to pluractionality. But the semantics of distributivity is more complex, involving a binary relationship between two items, the distributive key, which may or may not be a pluractional verb, and the
distributive share — which is often marked by reduplication.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">David<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">On 23/05/2022 21:48, Johanna Laakso wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Liz, dear all, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">the Hungarian suffix -nként is known by the name "distributive", and so is the Estonian derivational suffix -ti (and its Finnish cognate -ttain/-ttäin). These adverb suffixes in Uralic are sometimes borderline
cases between case inflection and derivation, and Jussi Ylikoski has discussed this Estonian "dwarf case" in a few articles, see e.g.
<a href="http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe202002125279.pdf">http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe202002125279.pdf</a> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Perhaps it's just because I have been socialized with a different terminology, but I don't see these suffixes as primarily expressing "pluractionality" or "increment" or "increase". In my view, the point is
"division" rather than "addition". The typical context for these adverbs is not "something increases for every X" but rather "there is one Y for each X", "Y is divided between all the X's".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Johanna<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Universität Wien, Institut für Europäische und Vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof 7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">A-1090 Wien<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a> •
<a href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Project ELDIA:
<a href="http://www.eldia-project.org/">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Elizabeth Coppock <<a href="mailto:eecoppock@gmail.com">eecoppock@gmail.com</a>> kirjoitti 23.05.2022 kello 19.58:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear all, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I am working on compiling a list of lexical items (words, affixes, or constructions) that take a noun and produce an adverb that expresses a frequency, rate, or tempo. Examples include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">- English -ly as in "daily", "monthly" (which seems to be limited to a small set of time expressions in the relevant usage; *He gave a playly breakdown of the game.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">- The English "X-by-X" construction, as in "day by day", "brick by brick" (instances of which have been described as "pluractional adverbials")<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">- Hungarian -nként as in "naponként" 'daily', "hektaronként" 'by hectare"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">- Reduplicated nouns in Hebrew as in "yom yom" 'day [by] day', or "mizvada mizvada 'suitcase [by] suitcase' (Gil 1995)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">What I'm looking for could be described as "items that create pluractional adverbials when combined with a noun", where the noun specifies some increment at which the event type in question takes place. Googling
"pluractional adverbials" does not produce a lot of results outside of English, so I wonder if there is a better term to search by.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">(Pluractionality markers that go on verbs and reduplicated numerals would not fit the description, but a lot of reduplicated nouns probably would.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Any and all leads would be most appreciated. Thank you very much in advance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Liz Coppock<br>
Department of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Boston University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
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<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>David Gil<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<pre>Senior Scientist (Associate)<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
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